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Understanding Oil
Understanding Oil
Understanding Oil
Oil
Big Foot
Caterpillar
Oil
Understanding Oil
in todays well lubricated world
Why you need Oil in your engine
Lubrication
Oil is Reducing Friction and Wear.
Cooling
Oil acts as a Coolant (piston Cooling)
Cleaning
Oil flushes away the tiny wear particles
Sealing
Oil is forming a seal (piston rings)
Protecting
Oil prevents rust and corrosion.
The type of Oil you need
CCMC
Comite des Constructeurs
dAutomobiles du Marche Common.
Engine manufacturers in the EG
The API Donut
Oil supplier may use the API Service Categories.
Only Licensed companies may use the API
DONUT
DONUT Symbol
Licensees who use this DONUT have certified that
Each licensed Oil meets all Prescribed Technical
Performance Standards.
Monitoring is done through the SAE Oil
Labeling Assessment Program (OLAPP).
More Info : Refer to Oil and your engine
The API Donut
Service Station Oils
SA 1900 - 1930
SB 1931 - 1963
SC 1964 - 1967
SD 1968 - 1971
SE 1972 - 1979
SG 1990 - 1993
SH 1994 -
More info.? Refer to Oil and Your Engine.
Commercial Oils
Used in Light to Heavy Duty Diesel applications,
On-Highway Trucks
Off-Highway Trucks
Earthmoving Machine Engines
Industrial Engines
Marine Engines
Commercial Oils
CA Light-duty into 1950
CB Moderate-duty 1949-1961
CC Moderate-to-severe duty 1960-1990
CD Severe-duty 1955-1995
CD-II Severe-duty two stroke
CE Turbocharged Heavy-duty since 1983
CF Upgrade over CE
CF-II Upgrade over CD-II
CF- 4 High-speed 4 Stroke Diesel 1990
CG- 4 Low Sulfur Fuel 0.05% 1995
CH - 4 Requirement for 1998
Viscosity
Viscosity refers to an Oils thickness or
its resistance to flow.
High viscosity means thicker Oil
SAE 40 is thicker than SAE 30
Low Viscosity means thinner Oil
The rate at which Oil thins out is called
the Oils Viscosity Index or V.I.
Viscosity
Viscosity II
The more VISCOUS (or thicker) an Oil is
the thicker the Oil film it will provide.
Turbo Bearings.
Oil Cooler.
Bearings (Copper bounding).
Gaskets.
??
Wear Elements
FE = Iron
Where do we find FE in the Engine ?
Camshafts and cam followers.
Gearwheels.
Pumps.
Cylinder Liners.
Valve Stem and Valve Guide
??
Wear Elements
CR = Chromium = Chrome
Where do we find CR in the engine ?
Piston rings.
Valve Stem.
Fuel pump / Injector parts.
Bearings.
??
Wear Elements
PB = Lead
Where do we find PB in the engine ?
Bearings.
??
Wear Elements
AL = Aluminum
Where do we find AL in the engine ?
Pistons.
Bearings.
Housings.
??
Wear Elements
SI = Silicon = Sand
Silicone = Chemical compound
Where do we find SI in the engine ?
??
Dirty / Damaged / or no Air Filter.
Assembly of dirty engine parts !
Oil storage ? / Environment ?
Wear Elements
NA = Nitrate = Sodium.
Where do we find NA in the engine ?
??
In the Oil !
Sodium is a left over from an engine
coolant which has evaporated.
Wear Elements
SN = Tin
Where do we find SN in the engine ?
Bearings
??
I.R. Analysis
ST = Soot
Why Soot ?
Soot is a by-product of combustion.
Soot is an Insoluble particulate that
can plug Oil filters.
Soot depletes the dispersant additives
in the Oil.
I.R. Analysis
OXI = Oxidation
Why Oxidation ?
Oxidation occurs when Oxygen attacks
petroleum fluids.
This process is accelerated by heat.
As Oil Oxidizes, it loses its lubricating
properties.
The viscosity increases.
I.R. Analysis
NIT = Nitration
Why Nitration ?
Nitrogen compounds resulting from
the combustion process.
Cause the oil to thicken, lose its
lubricating abilities.
Reaches only problem levels in natural
gas engines.
I.R. Analysis
SUL = Sulfation
Why Sulfation ?
Sulfur is a by-product of combustion.
Sulfur by itself is harmless.
Sulfuric acid is formed when water/
condensation is present.
TBN min. = 50 % of the new oil TBN
number.
I.R. Analysis
F = Fuel
Why Fuel ?
Injection system Failure.
Fuel contamination decreases the
Oils lubricating properties.
Clean Oil has a Flash point above
200 C. (392 F)
I.R. Analysis
W = Water
Why Water ?
Coolant leakage / Condensation.
Water combined with oil creates an
emulsion which will plugs Oil filters.
Water will evaporate but will leave
NA in the Oil.
I.R. Analysis
A = Antifreeze
Why Antifreeze ?
Ethylene Glycol / Antifreeze is an
indicator of coolant leaking.
Glycol will cause sludge to form in the
oil and can plug Oil filters.
Glycol will speed up Oxidation.
Wear Element Combinations
Fe
Where do we find FE on its own ??
Camshaft
Lifters.
Gears.
Pumps.
Valve Stem / Valve Guide
??
Wear Element Combinations
FE + CR + SI are High ??
Dirt has entered the engine through
the air intake system.
Piston ring wear !!!
Cylinder liner wear !!!
Wear Element Combinations
SI + FE + PB + AL are High ??
Dirt in the lower engine.
Potential crankshaft and bearing
wear.
Blowby ?
??
Wear Element Combinations