Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3:
THE Z-TRANSFORM
Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer and Buck, 1999-2000
3.1 The Z-Transform
Counterpart of the Laplace transform for discrete-time
signals
Generalization of the Fourier Transform
Fourier Transform does not exist for all signals
Definition:
X z x n z n
x n x n z n
X ( z) z
n
x n
X ( z)
z
X ( z ) x n z n z
n 0
j
z re : :r
The z-transform and the DTFT
Unit Circle
r=1
0
Re
2 0 2
X e x n e
DTFT does not always converge j j n
n
Example: x[n] = anu[n] for |a|>1 does not have a DTFT
n n
Example:
x n cos o n
Doesn't converge for any r.
DTFT exists.
It has finite energy.
DTFT converges in a mean square sense.
Example:
sin c n
Doesn't converge for any r. x n
It doesnt have even finite n
energy.
But we define a useful DTFT
with impulse function.
Example 1: Right-Sided Exponential
Sequence
Im
az
xn a un
n
X z a unz n n
1 n
n n0
ROC
Right-sided sequence
ROCs extend outside a
Chapter 3: The Z-Transform 8
Example 2: Left-Sided Exponential
Sequence
x n a u n 1 n
()
X z n a n u n 1 z n n a n z n
1
n 1 a 1 z n
1 n 0 a 1 z
n
ROC :
n 0
1 n 1
a z a z 1 z a a
1 1 z
X z 1 1
1
1 a z 1 az za
Example 3: Two-Sided Exponential
Sequence
1 1
ROC : z 1
n n 3
1 1
xn un - u- n - 1 1
3 2 z
3
0
1 1 1 1 1 1
n z z ROC : z 1
1 3 3 1
z 1 2
3 1 1
n 0
1 z 1 1 z 1 1
3 3 z
2
0 Im
1 1 1
n z z 1
1 1
1
2 2 1
z
n 2
1
1
1 z 1 1 z 1
2 2 1 1
3x 2
1 oo x
2z z 1
1 1 12
X z 12
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 z 1 z z z
3 2 3 2
x n a u n u n N
n
x n
an 0 n N 1
0 otherwise
N 1 N 1
X ( z ) a n z n az
1 n
1 az 1 N
n 0 n 0 1 az 1
1 zN aN
z N 1 za
ROC :
N 1
az
n 0
1 n
az 1 z 0 N=16
Pole-zero plot
n 1 ALL z
u n 1 z 1
1 z 1
1
u n 1 z 1
1 z 1
m All z except 0 if m 0
n m z or if m 0
Some common Z-transform pairs
1
a u n
n
Z
ROC : z a
1 az 1
1
a n u n 1 Z ROC : z a
1 az 1
az 1
na n u n Z ROC : z a
1 az
1 2
az 1
na u n 1
n Z
ROC : z a
1 az
1 2
cos 0 n u n Z
1 cos 0 z 1
ROC : z 1
1 2 cos 0 z 1 z 2
Some common Z-transform pairs
sin 0 n u n Z
sin 0 z 1 ROC : z 1
1 2 cos 0 z 1 z 2
r n
cos 0 n u n Z
1 r cos 0 z 1
ROC : z r
1 2r cos 0 z 1 r 2 z 2
r n
sin 0 n u n
Z r sin 0 z 1 ROC : z r
1 2r cos 0 z 1 r 2 z 2
an 0 n N 1 1 a N z N
Z ROC : z 0
0 otherwise 1 az 1
3.2 Properties of The ROC of Z-
Transform
The ROC is a ring or disk centered at the origin
DTFT exists if and only if the ROC includes the unit circle
The ROC cannot contain any poles
The ROC for finite-length sequence is the entire z-plane
except possibly z=0 and z=
The ROC for a right-handed sequence extends outward from
the outermost pole possibly including z=
The ROC for a left-handed sequence extends inward from
the innermost pole possibly including z=0
The ROC of a two-sided sequence is a ring bounded by poles
The ROC must be a connected region
A z-transform does not uniquely determine a sequence
without specifying the ROC
Notation
xn Z X z ROC R x
Linearity
ax1 n bx2 n Z aX1 z bX2 z ROC R x1 R x2
Note that the ROC of combined sequence may be larger than either
ROC
This would happen if some pole/zero cancellation occurs
xn anun - anun - N
Example:
xn no Z z no X z ROC R x
Here no is an integer
If positive the sequence is shifted right
If negative the sequence is shifted left
The ROC can change
The new term may add or remove poles at z=0 or z=
Example
1 1
X z z
1
z
1 1 4
1 z
4
n-1
1
xn un - 1
4
2
n
dX z
nxn Z z ROC R x
dz
an
xn 1 un 1
n 1
x* n Z X* z* ROC R x
X z x n z n
n
n
X z x n z x n z n
n n
z x n z x n
X n
z n Z x n
n n
1
x n Z
X1 / z ROC
Rx
ROC is inverted
Example: xn anu n
un
Time reversed version aof
n
1 - a-1z 1
X z z a1
1 az 1 - a-1z 1
x1 n x2 n Z X1 z X2 z ROC : R x1 R x2
1 1
X1 z ROC : z a X2 z ROC : z 1
1 az 1 1 z 1
Multiplications Yof
z z-transforms
X zX z
1is
1 2
1 az 1 z
1 1
1 az 1
X z k N 0
k 0
ak z k
Apply partial fractional expansion
M N N
Ak s
Cm
X z Br z
r
r 0 k 1,k i
1
1 dk z 1 m
m 1 1 d z
i
Cm
1
s m! di s m
ds m
dw s m
1 diw s
X w 1
w di1
1 1
X z ROC : z
1 1 1 1 2
1 z 1 z
4 2
A1 A2
X z
1 1 1 1
1 z 1 z
4 2
1 1
A 1 1 z 1 X z 1
4 1
1 1 1
1
z
4
2 4
1 1
A 2 1 z 1 X z 2
2 1
1 1 1
1
z
2
4 2
1 2 1
X z z
1 1 1 1 2
1 z 1 z
4 2
n n
1 1
xn 2 un - un
2 4
X z
1 2z 1 z 2
1 z 1 2
z 1
3 1 1 2
1 z z
2 2
1 1
1 z 1z
2
1
9 8
X z 2 z 1
1 1 1 z 1
1 z
2
n
1
xn 2n 9 un - 8un
2
In expanded form
X z x 2 z 2 x 1 z 1 x 0 x1 z 1 x 2 z 2
1
X z z2 1 z 1 1 z 1 1 z 1
2
1 1
z2 z 1 z 1
2 2
1 1
xn n 2 n 1 n n 1
2 2
1 n 2
1
2 n 1
xn 1 n 0
1
2 n1
0 n2