3.

Perilaku Individu

Perilaku Organisasi
Fakultas Ekonomi
Universitas Padjadjaran
Bandung 2004
1
Tujuan Pengajaran

Perbedaan-perbedaan individu
Variabel-variabel yang
mempengaruhi perilaku
individu
Sikap, persepsi, kepribadian
dan pembelajaran

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INDIVIDUAL-BEHAVIOR FRAMEWORK

The Environment The Individual Behaviors Outcomes

Work Abilities and Problem- Performance
- Job design skills solving - Long term
- Organizational Family Thinking - Short term
structure background process Personal
- Policies and rules Personality Communicatio development
- Leadership Perception n Relations with
- Reward and Attitude - Talking other
sanctions Attributions - Listening Satisfaction
- Resource Learning Obsevations
Non Work capacity Movement
- Family Age
- Economics Race
- Leisure and hobbies Sex
Experience

Source : Gibson 3
 PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU

Ability
A biological or learned trait that permits a person
to do something mental or physical

Skill
Task related competencies

Demographics
- GENDER DIFFERENCES
- RACIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Source : Gibson 4
VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI
PERILAKU INDIVIDU

1. Attitudes
2. Perception
3. Personality
4. Learning
5. Attribution
6. Ability

Source : Gibson 5
1. Attitudes
Mental states of readiness for need
arousal
The Three Components of Attitudes

Stimuli Attitudes Outcomes :

: :
Work factors Components Responses
Emotional;
Job design Effect
Statement about liking
Manager style
Company
policies Cognition Perceptual;
Statement about
Technology belief
Salary
Fringe benefit Behavior Action;
Statement about
6
Source : Gibson behavior
 2. Perception

The process by which an individual gives meaning

to the environment. It involves organization and
interpreting various stimuli into psychological
experience

Source : Gibson 7
 The Perceptual Process

The persons perceptual process:

Reality in Organizing and translating
work Factors
organization Outcomes
Stimuli (e.g., influencing
the perception A
organizations Evaluation response
Observation -
reward system, and behavior
of the Stereotyping
the style of interpretation Attitudes
stimuli - Selectivity
persuasion of reality formed
used by a - Self concept
supervisor, the - Situation
work flow) - Needs
- Emotions

8
Source : Gibson
Perceptual Differences and
Behavior
Managers Workers perception
perception Freedom worker
is given I am not given freedom
Worker has a lot of to make decision
freedom to make
decisions
Managers behavior Workers behavior
No concern about Feeling of being left out
freedom given to staying home
worker

Managers behavior Workers behavior

Puzzled by the absence Belief that no one really
record of worker cares
9
Source : Gibson
 3. Personality
Stable set of characteristics and tendencies that
determine commonalities and differences in peoples
behavior
Some Major Forces Influencing
Personality
Cultural forces

The
Social class and other
Hereditary Individuals group membership
forces Personality forces

Source :
Gibson Family relationships 10

force
 Theory of Personality

1. Trait Personality
Theories
Based on the premise that predispositions direct the
behavior of an individual in a consistent pattern

2. Psychodynamic Personality
Theories
Freudian approach that discusses the id,
superego, and ego. Special emphasis is placed on
unconscious determinants of behavior

3. Humanistic Personality Theories

Place emphasis on growth and self-actualization of
people
11
Source : Gibson
Humanistic Personality Theories
1. Measuring Personality
Characteristics
Personality tests
Personality test used to measure emotional,
motivational, interpersonal, and attitude
characteristics that make up a persons
personality
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A widely used survey for assessing personality

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A scale that assesses personality or cognitive
style. Respondents answers are scored and
interpreted to classify them as extroverted or
introverted, sensory or intuitive, thinking or
feeling, and perceiving or judging
12
Source : Gibson
2. Personality Personality Characteristics

Locus of Control
A personality characteristic that describes people who
see the control of their lives as coming from inside them
selves as internalizes. People who believe that their
lives are controlled by external factor are externalizes

Self-Efficacy
The belief that one can perform adequately in a
situation. Self efficacy has three dimensions;
magnitude, strength, and generality

Creativity

Machiavellianism
A term used to describe political maneuvers in an
organization. Used to designate a person as a manipulator
and power abuser 13
Source : Gibson
4. Learning

Any relatively permanent change in

behavior that accurs as a result of
experience

Source : Stephen P. Robbins 14

 Theories of Learning

1. Classical
conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds
to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce
such a response
2. Operant
conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment

3. Social Learning
People can learn through observation and direct
experience

Source : Stephen P. Robbins 15

5. Attribution
The process of perceiving causes of behavior and out
comes

Dispositional
Attributions
Emphasize some aspect of individual, such as ability or
skill,
to explain behavior

Situational
Attributions
Attributions that emphasize the environments effect
behavior
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 6. Ability
An individuals capacity to perform the various tasks
in a job

Intellectual ability

That required to do mental

activities
Physical ability
That required to do tasks demanding stamina,
dexterity, strength and similar characteristics

Source : Stephen P. Robbins 17