Level Dependent Partial Discharge

Signal De-Noising Using

Stationary Wavelet Transform
By

JAYAKRISHNAN. M, Dr. B.NAGESHWAR RAO

CABLES AND DIAGNOSTICS DIVISION
CENTRAL POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE
BANGALORE-560080
Partial Discharge
PD Occurs due to Cracks, Voids, Cavities, Joints and
De-laminations in Insulation of Electrical equipment
caused by improper installation, poor design or
workmanship.
Although these discharges have small (weak) energy,
the thermal energies due to these discharges can cause
aging, deformation and tear of the insulating material.
PD testing gives an indication of deterioration of the
insulation and is an indicator of incipient faults.
PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
Carried out as per IEC 60270.
LIMITATION OF ON-SITE PARTIAL DISCHARGE
MONITORING
On-Site PD signals are affected by interferences like DSIs,
periodic pulses and stochastic pulses.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
De-Noise PD signals affected by various interferences.
Limitations of existing De-noising techniques
Fast Fourier Transform only frequency domain signal is
obtained.
Low Pass Filtering, Notch Filtering, Matched Filtering only
time domain signal and Gibbs phenomenon.
Exponentially-Weighted Recursive Least Squares time
domain signal.
Frequency Domain Adaptive Filtering using DFT frequency
domain signal.
Winger-Ville Distribution suffers from Cross terms.
Short-Time Fourier Transform resolution issues.
WAVELET TRANSFORM
1. Wavelet Transform retains both frequency of the
signal and the time associated to those
frequencies.
2. Wavelet Transform is carried out by scaling and
shifting a mother wavelet and comparing it with
the original signal.
3. Transformation should allow only changes in
time extension but not shape of the signal.
Simulation Of PD Signal - DAMPED OSCILLATORY PULSE

A=1x10-5 V, 1=
3.07x105 s-1, 2=1x104 s-
1
and fd is 250 kHz
SWT vs DWT
White Gaussian Noise
Simulated Using
wgn function
with power of
-70dBW
Discrete Spectral Interference
Simulated using a
series of amplitude
modulated signals
represented by the
following equation A =
3 mV, m = 0.4, fm = 100
kHz, fc = 10 MHz to 80
MHz
Random Pulses
Random Pulses were
simulated using rand
function. 1x10-7 V and
5x10-6 V
Periodic Pulse Shaped Interferences
Simulated using pulstran
function which generates
Gaussian Periodic Pulses at
frequency of 2 MHz with
50% bandwidth and a pulse
repetition rate of 7.8125s.
Stochastic Pulse Shaped interferences
Damped oscillatory
pulse simulated using
the following equation
A=1x10-7 V, 1=5x105 s-
1
, 2=1x104 s-1, =2f,
f=650 kHz
Limitations of Threshold Estimators
Not effective for de-noising Periodic Pulse type
Interferences and Stochastic Pulse Type Interferences.

Not effective for de-noising Signals having very low SNR

values obtained when PD signal is fully subsumed in
interferences.
Automatic Threshold Estimator as Suggested by X. Ma
Methodology
Mother wavelet selected on the basis of an energy criterion as suggested
Decomposition Level set to the maximum possible given by
Hard threshold function used for thresholding
Threshold value estimated using
Reconstruction was carried out using coefficients corresponding to the
decompositions levels above a certain limit defined by
where; Fmax=Fs/2; Fs=Sampling Frequency, Fmaxu=500kHz
Simulated Signal De-noised using DWT
Simulated Signal De-noised using SWT
De-noising Performance of Different Methods
SWT DWT DWT (X. Ma)

-29.4997 dB

12.2765 dB 9.2788 dB -0.0370 dB

0.9697 0.9386 0.0176

PAD 0.7299% -12.6590% -1.4468x103

MSE 2.8518x10-9 5.5495x10-9 7.8917x10-6

De-Noising Actual PD Signals

PEAL Value
SWT -30.1410 dB -160.2087 dB 2.1231x10-5 V
DWT -27.0233 dB -160.2155 dB 3.269x10-5 V
Conclusion
Signal to Noise Ratio has improved significantly.
Pulse Amplitude Distortion has been brought
closer to zero.
Cross Correlation Coefficient is above 0.95.
Mean Square Error has also reduced significantly.
References
1) L. Satish, B.Nazneen, Wavelet-based de-noising of partial discharge signals
buried in excessive noise and interference, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics
and Electrical Insulation Vol.10, No.2, 2003, pp. 354-367.
2) H.Zhang, T.R. Blackburn, B.T. Phung, D. Sen, A novel wavelet transform
technique for on-line partial discharge measurements. Part 1. WT de-noising
algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 14,
No.1, 2007, pp. 3-14.
3) Jayakrishnan. M, B. Nageshwar Rao, K. P. Meena, R. Arunjothi, Optimum
Threshold Estimator for De-noising Partial Discharge Signal using Wavelet
Transform Technique, 2nd IEEE Conference on Condition Assessments
Techniques in Electrical Systems (CATCON), 2015, pp. 76-82.
4) International Standard IEC 60270, High-voltage test techniques-Partial
discharge measurements, third edition, 2000-12, pp. 29-30.
5) X. Ma, C. Zhou, I.J. Kemp, Automatic Wavelet Selection and Thresholding for PD
Detection, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine Vol.18, No.2, 2002, pp.37-45.
 Thank Y
ou

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