Text Linguistics: Is The Study of Text As A Product or As A Process

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TEXTLINGUISTICS

ISTHESTUDYOFTEXTASAPRODUCTORAS
APROCESS

Textasaproduct Textasaprocess

Cohesion
Coherence Textproduction
Topicalorganization Textreception
Illocutionarystructure Textinterpretation
Communicativefunctions
TEXTASACOMMUNICATIVE
OCCURRENCEMEETS:
7constructive
3regulativeprinciples
principlesof
ofcommunication
communication

Cohesion
Coherence
Intentionality
Efficiency
Acceptability
Effectiveness
Informativity Appropriateness
Situationality
Intertextuality
I.COHESIONFIRSTCONSTRUCTIVE
PRINCIPLEOFTEXTUALCOMMUNICATION

Is the way in which linguistic items


of which texts are constituted are
meaningfully interconnected in
sequences.
AccordingtoHallidayandHasanthere
are2typesofcohesion:
Grammatical

Lexical
GRAMMATICALCOHESION
CANBEOF4TYPES:

1.Reference
2.Substitution
3.Ellipsis
4.Conjunction
1.THEREARE2TYPESOF
REFERENCE:
Exophoricreferencerealizedbydeixis

Ex.Canyouseethat?
Endophoricreferencecanbedirect
(anaphora)andindirect(cataphora):
a)Anaphora
Ex.Threeblindmice,seehowtheyrun.
b)Cataphora
Ex.Iwouldneverbelieveit,hemademe
aproposal.
2.SUBSTITUTION

Nominalrealizedbyusageofone,the
same,once
Ex.Iwantfruiticecream./Iwantthesame.

Verbalrealizedbyusageofonlyoneverb

Ex.IcantspeakRussian,buthecan?
3.ELLIPSIS(OMITTIONOF
SMTH.)

Ex.Didyougetaten?

No,anine.
(No,Igotanine,notaten)
4.CONJUNCTION
Additiveor,thus,like,neither,
nor,and;

Adversativebut,however,ever,
insteadof,atanyrate;

Temporalthan,finally,until,
from,uptonow.
LEXICALCOHESION
Establishessemantic
connectednessthroughlexical
devices:repetition,synonymy,
collocation,paraphrasing,partial
recurrence.
II.COHERENCE

Continuityofsenseswhichkeepsthe
text together, that has to be
semantically and logically organized.
It is a network of relations that
organizes a text. Its also called the
generalaboutnessofatext.
.

Cohesionandcoherenceare

textcentrednotions.

Theotherfivestandardsof
textualityareusercentred
notins.
.

III.Intentionalityrelatestosenders
intentiontoproduceacohesive/coherent
text;
IV.Informativitytouchesuponthe
probabilityorexpectednessofatextinthe
givensituation;
V.Situationalityconcernstheproblem
ofmakingatextrelevanttoasituation;
VI.Acceptabilityconcernsthereceivers;

VII.Intertextualityisconcernedwith
thewaysinwhichusesoftextsdependon
knowledgeofother
REGULATIVEPRINCIPLESOF
TEXTUALCOMMUNICATION
1.Efficiencyrequiresthatatextshouldbe
usedwithaminimumeffort,thelanguage
mustbeeasyforproductionand
comprehension;
2.Effectivenesspresumesleavingastrong
impression,theuseofcreative,original
language;
3.Appropriatenessattemptstobalanceoff
thetwoaboveprinciplesbyseekingan
accordbetweenthetextsettingand
standardsoftextuality.

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