I.

2 Examples To Illustrate DOE

Concepts
1. Optimally Feeding Fish
Response Surfaces
2. Targeting A Process/Reducing
Process Variation
Sony USA versus Sony Japan
(Specs versus Defects)
3. Improving A Process
4. Weighing Two Objects
I.2 Examples To Illustrate DOE
Concepts
5. Baking Bread
6. Mitigating Noise Factors
Using Interactions Between Noise
Factors and Control Factors To
Robustify A Process
7. Comparing Tires
 Example 1
Fitted Response Surface - With Design
Points
Example 2
Targeting a Process/Reducing Variation
Example 2
Accuracy versus Precision

Accurate Not Accurate

and but
Precise Precise

x xx x
x xxxx x
x x x
xxxxx xx
x
x x xx
x

Accurate Not Accurate

but and
Not Precise
Not Precise
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x

x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x
Example 2
Sony USA vs Sony JAPAN

DistributionofTheColorDensityinTelevisionSets
TargetValueis

SonyJapan SonyUSA

LSL USL
Example 2
What is the enemy?

VARIATION (Nonuniformity of Product)

Why isn't it just defects?
Well, for example,
1. What was tolerable this week may not be
next week if your competitor has reduced
the variation of their process.
2. Oftentimes the definition of a defect is that
it does not meet spec's. Since spec's are
manmade, they are subject to the frailties
therein.
Example 2
Statistical Thinking
(Snee, 1990)
Improvement Comes From Finding Out
1. Where The Variation Is
2. What Kind Exists
3. How Much There Is
4. How It Can Be Reduced
Deming - Reduce Variation to Improve
Quality and the Process
Taguchi - Design Product to Reduce
Functional Variation
 Example 3
Improving a Process
Goal - Determine which factors affect the mean of
the process and which ones affect the variation.
LOOK FOR (UNUSUAL) PATTERNS IN THE DATA
 Example 3
Which Factors Affect Improving a Process
Accuracy?
Precision?

2
 Example 4
Weighing Two Objects
(Hotelling via Daniel)

M=A+E
M Measured Weight
E Error
Example 4
Weighing Two Objects

Description Of The Problem:

You Have Two Objects To Weigh On A Counter
Balance Scale.
What Are Some Different Ways That You Weigh
The Objects And Still Be Able To Calculate The
Weights?
What Is The Best Way To Do It If You Are Only
Allowed Two Weighings (Best So That The Error
Of The Measured Weight Is Made As Small As
Possible)?
Example 4
Hidden Replication

With A Properly Designed Experiment

You Can Make The Data Work Twice
For You.
Example 5
Baking Bread

Here We Use Design Principles To

Discover What Factors In A Bread
Recipe Affect Some Responses Of
Interest. Two Designs Are
Considered. The First Is When The
Factors Are Changed One At A Time
(OAT). The Second Design Is A
Factorial Design.
Example 5
Factors and Responses

Factors
A. Cake (-) or Dry (+)
Yeast
B. Water Temp
(Hi = +, Lo = -)
C. Amount of Sugar
(Two Levels -,+)
Example 5
Factors and Responses

Responses (Yes or No)

1. How Well Did Yeast Proof
(Froth Doubles Volume)
2. Rises Adequately
(Doubles Volume Within An
Hour)
3. Second Rising Is
Adequate
Example 5
OAT Design

- + -

B.
Water Temp.

- - +

- - - A. Yeast + - -
A B C
 Example 5
OAT Design Responses
What Factors Affect
Response 1?
Response 2?
Response 3?
YNN
- + -

B.
Water Temp.

NYN
- - +

NNN NNN
- - - A. Yeast + - -
A B C
Example 5
Factorial Design

BakingBread

- + + + + +

- + - + + -

B.
Water Temp.

- - + + - +

- - - + - -
A. Yeast
A B C
 Example 5
Factorial Design Responses
What Factors Affect
Response 1?
Response 2? YYN YYY
Response 3? - + + + + +

YNN YNN
- + - + + -

B.
Water Temp.

NYN NYY
- - + + - +

NNN NNN
- - - + - -
A. Yeast
A B C
 Example 5
Detecting Interactions

From The First Design, We

Discovered That Factor B Affected
Response 1 And That Factor C
Affected Response 2. But, Because
It Was A OAT Design, We Could Not
Pick Up On The Interaction Between
Factors A And C Which Affected
Response 3. But It Was Detected By
The Factorial Design.
Example 6
Mitigating Noise Factors
Factors
Machines 10 (+) and 16 (-)
Treatment
Silicone
Operators
Estella (-)
Donald (+)
Response
Number of picks (snags)
 Example 6
Cube Plot
What Can We Learn From This Plot?

27 6

10 4 2

Machine

11 1
Donald
16

1 1
Operator

Estella
No SiliconeTreatment Yes
Example 7
Comparing Tires
Which of the two designs on the
next slide is more appropriate
for comparing four brands of
tires?
Why?
Example 7
Comparing Tires
DESIGN 1 Car

Tire Position 1 2 3 4
I a b a b
II b a b a
III c d c d
IV d c d c

DESIGN 2

I a b c d
II b a d c
III c d a b
IV d c b a