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Asfsg
Asfsg
CEE 331
March 14, 2017
Mass
Linear Momentum
Moment of Momentum
Energy
Putting it all together!
Conservation of Mass
DBsys
Dt
t bdV
cv
bV n
cs
dA cv equation
DM sys
Dt
t dV
cv
V n
cs
dA But DMsys/Dt = 0!
cs V n dA t dV
cv
Continuity Equation
If mass in cv 2
cs V
n dA
t dV is constant 1
cv n
V1
r
cs1
1 V1
n 1dA + r 2 V2
cs2
n 2 dA =0 A1
V 1 A1 V 2 A2 Q [L3/T]
DBsys F 0
Dt
t bdV
cv
bV n dA
cs
cv equation
mV
B mV momentum b momentum/unit mass
m
Vectors!
DmV
Dt
t VdV
cv
V V n
cs
dA
DmV
Dt
VV
cs1
1 1 1
1dA V2 2 V2
n
cs2
2 dA
n
Assumptions
DmV
1V1 A1 V1 2V2 A2 V2 Uniform density
Dt
Uniform velocity
M1 1V1 A1 V1 Q V1
V A
M 2 2V2 A2 V2 Q V2 Steady
V fluid velocity
Vectors!!!
relative to cv
Steady Control Volume Form of
Newtons Second Law
D mV
F Dt
M1 M 2
W = ________________________
section 1 section 2 z
D 0.196 m2
50 cm 0.071
30 cmm2
1.53 m/s
A ____________ 4.23 m/s
____________
V ____________ ____________ ? x
p -459
150NkPa 1270 N
____________ Direction of V vectors
29,400 N
M ____________ ?
____________
Example: What is p2?
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
1 2g 2 2g
V12 V22
p2 p1 z1 z2
2 g 2 g
Fss M 2 Fp
x x 2x
z
Fssx 1270 N -9400 N
Fssz M 1z Wz Fp1z W
1
Fp M1
Fssz 459N 1,961N 29,400N
1
z
Fssz 27.9kN 28 kN acting downward on fluid
up
Pipe wants to move _________ x
Example: Fire nozzle
8 cm 2.5 cm
Fire nozzle: Solution
8 cm
2.5 cm
1000 kPa
Find the Velocities
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g
p1 V12 V22
continuity V1 D12 V2 D22
2g 2g
4
D2
p1 V V 2 2
V 2
V 2
2 1 2
D
1
1
2g 2g
2 p1
D2
4
V 2
V2
p1 2
1 D2
4
2 D1 1
D1
Fire nozzle: Solution
2.5 cm
8 cm
1000 kPa
1 10 2 130 3 50 x
cs1
1000 kg / m3
cs3
1
3
Continuity Q1 Q2 Q3
Bernoulli (2x)
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2 2
1 2g 2 2g cs2 y
V1 V2
x
V1 V3 cs1
Momentum (in x and y) 1
cs3 3
M1 M 2 M 3 W Fp1 Fp2 Fp3 Fss
Solve for Q2 and Q3
Fssy 0 M 1 y M 2 y M 3 y M1 Q V1
sinaf10 sina
50f
sina130f sina50f
Q Q
2 1
Fssx M 1x M 2 x M 3 x
0.01 m3 /s cos 10
Fssx 1000 kg/m3 20 m/s 0.006133 m3 /s cos 130
0.003867 m3 /s cos 50
M1 Q1V1 200N
M 2 Q2V2 122.66N
M 3 Q3V3 77.34N
Q2 10 L / s
Q2 6.133L / s
Q3 3.867 L / s
Vector Addition
M 1 M 2 M 3 Fss
2
Fss cs2
M3 y
M2
M1 x
cs1
cs3
1
3
DBsys
Dt
t bdV
cv
bV n
cs
dA cv equation
B mr V Moment of momentum
mr V
b Moment of momentum/unit mass
m
D mr V
r VdV r V V n
dA
Dt t cv cs
T r V V n dA Steady state
cs
Application to Turbomachinery
rVt Vn
T r V V n
dA
V n dA
cs
Q
cs
Vn
Vt
r2 cs1 cs2
r1
Tz Q r2 V2 r1 V1
Example: Sprinkler
vt
cs2 T Q
z r2 V2 r1 V1
0.1 2 Qr2Vt2
10 cm
Q jet
V t2 r sin 2
A jet
Total flow is 1 L/s.
Jet diameter is 0.5 cm. 0.1 2 Qr 4Q r
/2
sin
2 2
Friction exerts a torque of d 2
0.1 N-m-s2 2. 2
0.1 Qr2 Q r
2 2 2
sin 0
= 30. 2
d 2
b b 2 4ac
a = 0.1Nms2
2a
b Qr22 b = (1000 kg/m3)(0.001 m3/s) (0.1 m) 2 = 0.01 Nms
2
c Q r
2
sin
2
d 2
= 3.5/s
What is Vt if there is no friction ?__________
= 34 rpm T Qr2Vt2
Reflections
Energy Equation
DBsys
Dt
t bdV
cv
bV n
cs
dA cv equation
DE
Dt
t edV
cv
eV n
cs
dA What is DE/Dt for a system?
W&
pr pVA
Pressure work
DE
DE & W & pV n pV n
dA
Dt
Qnet
in
shaft
cs
dA Dt cs
Shaft work
DE &
W shaft
Dt
DE &
Heat transfer Qnet
Dt in
General Energy Equation
1st Law of Thermo cv equation
DE & &
Qnet Wshaft pV n
dA edV eV
dA
n
Dt in cs
t cv cs
p
& &
Qnet Wshaft
in
t cv
e d
cs
e V n
dA
z
V2 (
e gz u
2
3
V 2 V A V = point velocity
cs 2 V n dA 2 V = average velocity over cs
V 3 If V tangent to n
cs 2 dA
3
V A
2
1 V 3 = kinetic energy correction term
_________________________
3
A cs V
dA
=___
1 for uniform velocity
Energy Equation: steady, one-
dimensional, constant density
p V2 (
q net &
wshaft m gz u V n
dA
in cs
2
V n dA
cs
m
& mass flux rate
pout 2
Vout ( pin Vin2 (
q net wshaft m
& gzout uout gzin uin
&
m
in 2 2
2g g 2g g
mechanical thermal
( (
wshaft uout uin q net
hhPP hT Lost mechanical
g
in
hL
g energy
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
Thermal Components of the
Energy Equation
V2 (
e gz u
2
(
u cvT c pT For incompressible liquids
( (
uout uin q net
Water specific heat = 4184 J/(kg*K)
in
hL
g
Change in temperature
c p Tout Tin q net Heat transferred to fluid
in
hL
g Example
Example: Energy Equation
(energy loss)
An irrigation pump lifts 50 L/s of water from a reservoir and
discharges it into a farmers irrigation channel. The pump
supplies a total head of 10 m. How much mechanical energy
is lost? What is hL? cs2
4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
datum
Why cant I draw the cs at the end of the pipe?
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
h p zout hL hL hp zout hL = 10 m - 4 m
Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
The total pipe length is 50 m and is 20 cm in diameter. The
pipe length to the pump is 12 m. What is the pressure in the
pipe at the pump outlet? You may assume (for now) that the
only losses are frictional losses in the pipeline. 50 L/s
hP = 10 m
cs2 4m
2.4 m
2m
cs1
0 0 0 datum 0
/ / / /
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
We need _______ in the pipe, , and ____ ____.
velocity head loss
Example: Energy Equation
(pressure at pump outlet)
How do we get the velocity in the pipe?
Q = VA A = d2/4 V = 4Q/( d2)
V = 4(0.05 m3/s)/[ 0.2 m)2] = 1.6 m/s
How do we get the frictional losses?
Expect losses to be proportional to length of the pipe
hl = (6 m)(12 m)/(50 m) = 1.44 m
What about ?
Kinetic Energy Correction Term:
1 V 3
A V
dA
cs
3
datum
2
Vout
pout hP zout out hL
2g
(1.6 m/s) 2
p2 (9810 N/m ) (10 m) (2.4 m) (1.05)
3
2
(1.44 m) = 59.1 kPa
2(9.81 m/s )
Example: Energy Equation
(Hydraulic Grade Line - HGL)
We would like to know if there are any
places in the pipeline where the pressure is
too high (_________)
pipe burst or too low (water
might boil - cavitation).
Plot the pressure as piezometric head
(height water would rise to in a piezometer)
How?
Example: Energy Equation
(Energy Grade Line - EGL)
Loss due to shear
HP = 10 m 2
Exit loss
p V
Entrance loss
2g 50 L/s
p = 59 kPa 4m
2.4 m
2m
datum
What is the pressure at the pump intake?
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
Energy Grade Line Hydraulic Grade Line
EGL (or TEL) and HGL
p V2 p
EGL z HGL z
2g
Piezometric
Elevation head (w.r.t.velocity head
datum) head
Pressure head (w.r.t.
reference pressure)
What is the difference between EGL defined by Bernoulli
and EGL defined here?
EGL (or TEL) and HGL
z elevation
pump
z=0 datum
2 2
pin V p V
zin in in
hP out zout out out hT hL
2g 2g
Bernoulli vs. Control Volume
Conservation of Energy
Find the velocity and flow. How would you solve these two
problems?
z1 z2 pin
zin in hP
pout
zout out
Vout
hT hL
2g 2g 2g 2g
Q = 5 m3
Pens /s
tock 116 kNm
River
180 rpm
solution
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
Energy Equation Review
in out
At centroid of control surface
Where is p measured?___________________________
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
pin pout 2
Vout Vin2
hL zin = zout
2g
A2
A1
x 1 2
M 1 x M 2 x Fp Fp
1x 2x
Neglect surface shear
M 1x Vin2 Ain M 2 x Vout
2
Aout Pressure is applied over all of
section 1.
Vin2 Ain Vout
2
Aout pin Aout pout Aout Momentum is transferred over
area corresponding to upstream
Ain pipe diameter.
2
Vout Vin2 Vin is velocity upstream.
pin pout Aout
Divide by (Aout )
g
Head Loss due to
Sudden Expansion
pin pout Vin2 Vout
2 Ain Vout
Energy hL Mass A V
2g out in
2 Ain
Vout Vin
2
KL=1
Discharge into a reservoir?_________
Example: Losses due to Sudden
Expansion in a Pipe (Teams!)
A flow expansion discharges 0.5 L/s
directly into the air. Calculate the pressure
immediately upstream from the expansion
1 cm 3 cm
Q = 4 L/s
d = 10 cm
3m
Vscoop
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2 Bernoulli
2g 2g
end
Scoop Problem
cs2
Vres Ares Vor Aor 0 Vor Aor Qor
dh
Vres
dt
dh
Ares CAor 2 gh 0
dt
Example Conservation of Mass
Changing Volume
V n dA
cs
t dV
cv
cs1 h
Vor Aor
t dV
cv
cs2
dV Ares dh
Vor Aor
dt dt
dh
Ares CAor 2 gh 0
dt
Example Conservation of Mass
h t
Ares dh
CAor 2g
h0 h
dt
0
Ares
2 h1 / 2 h01 / 2 t
CAor 2g
2 0.15m
2
0.002m 2
0.03m
1/ 2
0.08m
1/ 2
t
0.6 2 9.8m / s 2
4
t 591s
Pump Head
2
Vout
pin Vin2 out
zin in hP 2g
2g
2
pout Vout
zout out hT hL
2g
hp
Vin2
in
2g
Example: Venturi
Example: Venturi
Find the flow (Q) given the pressure drop between section 1 and
2 and the diameters of the two sections. Draw an appropriate
control volume. You may assume the head loss is negligible.
Draw the EGL and the HGL.
1 2
Example Venturi
pin Vin2 pout 2
Vout
zin in hP zout out hT hL
2g 2g
pin pout 2
Vout Vin2 Q VA
2g 2g Vin Ain Vout Aout
2 g ( pin pout )
Vout 2
d out
1 d out d in Vin Vout
4
d in2
2 g ( pin pout )
Q Cv Aout
1 d out din
4
Reflections
g J
4184
Kg K
ghL q net
T in
cp T 0.117 K
Hydropower
P QH p
2.100 MW
etotal 0.857
2.45MW
rev 2 rad 1min
Pturbine 0.116 MNm 180 2.187 MW
min rev 60 s
2.187 MW
eturbine 0.893
2.45MW
2.100 MW
egenerator 0.96
2.187 MW
Solution: Losses due to Sudden
Expansion in a Pipe
A flow expansion discharges 0.5 L/s directly into the air.
Calculate the pressure immediately upstream from the
expansion
A 1 cm
V22 V12 1
p1 p2 A2
3 cm
g 3
0.0005m / s
V 6.4m / s
0.01m
1
p1 V2 V1V2
2 A1 V2 2
g A2 V1 4
c
p1 V22 V1V2 h V2 0.71m / s
p 1000kg / s 0.71m / s 6.4m / s 0.71m / s
2
1