Vecto

Nurr Islami,

PhD
 Vector Scalar

and straight line

can
A particle moving => positive

For a particle
along a move moving in three
only
two
dimensions, +
directions and
negative
sign or sign is no longer enough =>

Vector
 Vecto and Scala
A library is located 0.5 mi from
you. Can you point where exactly it
is?
r You also r
need to
know the
direction in
which you
should
walk to the
library!

All physical quantities encountered in this text will be either a

scalar or a

vector

A vector quantity has both magnitude (value + unit) and direction

 Vecto an Scala Quantiti
r d r Scalars
es
Displacement
: Distance
Vectors
Velocity an Speed of
(magnitude d (magnitude
velocity)
direction!)
Temperature
Acceleration
Mass
Force
Energy
Momentum
Time
To describe a vector we need more information than to
scalar! vector are more
describe a
Therefore s complex!
 Importan Notatio
t n
describe vectors we will
To use:

The bold font: Vector A is A A
Or an arrow
In the above
pictures, thealways
we will
vector:
show

vectors as arrows

Arrows point the direction

To describe the magnitude
sign A or just
:
of
Magnitude A, is
a vector we will use
always
magnitude
positive
absolute, theof a vector is
value
equal to
the length of a vector.
 Properties of

Equality of Two Vectors
Vectors
Two vectors are equal if they
have the same magnitude and
the same direction
Movement of vectors in a diagram
Any vector can be moved
Negative Vectors
parallel to itself without being
Two vectors are negative if they have the
affected
same
magnitude but are 180 apart (opposite
directions)
 Adding

When adding vectors,

Vectors direction mustbe

their s
taken into account
Units must be the

same
Geometric Methods
Use scale drawings
Algebraic Methods
More
 Adding Vectors (Triangl

Geometrically
A e
Draw the first with the
appropriate length and in
vector
direction specified, with Method)
respect AB
the
coordinate
Draw
to a the next vector B with B
system
the
appropriate length and in the
direction specified,
A with
the end of and parallel
respect to a system used for
the coordinate
vector to whose
A
coordinate system
:
origin is
tip-to-tail.
vector B
The resultant is drawn from

the
 Adding Graphicall

Vectors y

When you have AB

A
B
many vectors,
C
just keep
repeating the
process until all

are included

The resultant is still AB

drawn from the origin

 Adding Vectors (Polygo

Geometrically
A n AB
Draw the frst with the
appropriate length in the
vector
direction specifed, withMethod)
and
respect
B
Draw the next with the B
appropriate length in the
to a coordinate
vector system
direction specified, with
and
respect

to the same coordinate

A
system

Draw A BB
a parallelogram
A
The resultant is
drawn as a
 Vector

Subtraction B
Special case of vector addition
Add the negative
of the with
subtractedvecto A
Continue
vector B
standard r A
B

addition A B
A B procedure
 Sample Problem 1

In an orienteering class, you have the

goal of
moving as far (straight-line distance)
from base
camp as possible by making three
straight-line
moves. You may use the following
displacement
method) (4.8
in any order: (a) a, 2 km due east
? km)
(directly toward
 Describin Vector Algebraical
g Describeds by the number,
Vectors: ly units and
direction!

Vectors: Can be described by their magnitude and

direction. For example: Your displacement is 1.5 m
at an angle of 250.
Can be described by components? For example: your
displacement is 1.36 m in the positive x direction and
0.634 m
in the positive y direction.
 Component of a Vecto

s r
A component is
a part a cos(90
It is useful to use )

rectangular a sin
a
components These cos

are the projections
of the vector along
the x- and y-axes
 Components of a

The x-component a vector
Vector the
of
along
is
cos x
projection
A Ax A cos
A the x-

The y- of axis
a vector
the along the y-
component Ay is
sin
projection axis y
A
A Asin
Then,
A A A
x y
 Components of a

Vector
The components can be positive or negative will
have same as the original
and
the units =0, Ax=A>0, Ay=0
vector
ax < ax > =45, Ax=Acos45>0, Ay=Asin45>0
0 0
=90, Ax=0, Ay=A>0
ay > ay >
0
ax < 0 >
ax =135, Ax=Acos135<0, Ay=Asin135>0
0 0
ay < ay < =180, Ax=-A<0, Ay=0
0 0 =225, Ax=Acos225<0, Ay=Asin225<0

=270, Ax=0, Ay=-A<0

 More About

Components
righttriangle
hypotenus is A

cos( )
Ax Awhose e
The components are the legs of the
Ay A sin( )
A A 2 A 2

A A
x y
Ax
Ax Or,

tan y
or tan 1
y

A and tan1 Ay

A
 Sample Problem 2

A small airplane leaves an airport on

an overcast day and is later sighted
215 km away, in a direction making
an angle of 220 east of north. How
far east and north is the airplane
from the airport when sighted?
(81 km east, 199 km north)
 Sample Problem 3

The team traveling a net 2.6 km

westward, 3.9 km southward, and 25
m climb upward. What was their
finish? (4.69 km,
displacement from
vector west
from to south
start to
560 and

0.30 of horizontal )
 Uni Vector
Components of a vector are

t svectors A Ax Ay
Unit vectors
i x j y k z
i-hat, j-hat, k-
Unit vectors to specify
hat
used direction
y
Then
UnitAvectors
Axi Ay ajmagnitude of
j i
have 1
x
k Magnitude + Unit
z
Sign vector
A Ax
 Adding Algebraicall

Vectors
A i A
A x y j y

B Bxitwo
Consider Bvectors
y

j
Then
A B ( Ax i A j) (Bx i By j)
y

( Ax Bx )i ( Ay B ) j
y

A
C B Bx )i ( Ay By ) j
If

s ( Ax C y Ay B y
o C x Ax Bx
Exampl : Operatio wit Vector
e Vector

ns
A is described
5), while
h
algebraically s
as (-3,
vector B is (4, -2). Find value of an
the magnitude
the A an B. d
direction of the sum (C) vectors d

B 4i 2 j
ofA 3i 5 j

C A B
(3 4)i (5 2) j 1i 3 j
Cx 1 C 3
y
2
C (Cx Cy 2 )1/ 2 (12 32 )1/ 2 3.16
Cy
tan 1 tan 1 3 71.56
Cx
 Sample Problem 4

A vehicle is travelling at the available

road as
following: from origin (a) to
checkpoint A is 36
km , due east. From A to check point
B (b),
due north. From B to checkpoint C
(c) is 25 km
with the angle of 1350 from the east
 Scalar of Two Vector

Product
two vectors is written s
A
as
Bscalar product
TheIt is also called the
of
A dot
B A B cos
product
is the angle A

between

and B
 Dot

Product

The dot product says

something about how
parallel two vectors are.
B
The dot product (scalar
product) of i two
AB AABcos vectors
cos Ax ( Acos )
can be thought of as the B A
Component
projection of one onto the A(B
direction of the other.
s cos )
A B
Ax B x Ay B y Az B z
 Projection of a Dot Product

The dot product says

i j 0; i k 0; j k
Vector:
something
about how parallel two
0

vectors i i 1; j j 1; k
are.
kB 1 Projection is
Th
zero
e AB i A cos Ax
ABcos
dot
Component
pro
du
s A

ct A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
(sc
ala
r
 show that
Derivatio
?
How do we
A B z Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz
Start x y

with A BAx iiBA

B n
j A
y j Bz k

k
Then x y z x y z

A B ( xA i x A j y A kz) (B iy B xj By k) z z x y z

A i (B i B j B k) A j (B i B j B k) A k (B i B
But i j 0; i k 0; j k
j B k)
0

i 1; j j 1; k
i
So x x y y z z

kA
B1 A i B i A j B j A k
B k
Ax B x Ay B y Az Bz
 Sample Problem

and b =
+ 5 sketch the
?? And
-2i
3k (109 0
What isvector!
the angle between a
= 3i) 4j
 Cross

B
B
C A Bsin

The cross product of two vectors says
something Product A

about how perpendicular they are. Asin
Magnitude: C
A B AB sin


y
is smaller angle between the vectors

Cross product of any parallel vectors = j
i x
zero
Cross product is maximum for k
z
perpendicular vectors
Cross products of Cartesian unit vectors: i
i j k; i k j; j k

i j k
i i 0; j j 0; k k
0
 Cros Product

s
Place A and B tail to tail

Right hand, not left hand

Direction: C are pointed
Four fngers
perpendicular tovector
along the first both A A
B (right-hand rule)
and sweep from frst vector
A into second vector B
through the smaller angle
between them

Your outstretched thumb

Firstpoints the direction of C A B B A ?

practice A B
B
A? A B - B A

 More about Product

Cross
The quantity ABsin is the
area of the parallelogram
formed by A
ABand
- BBA
The direction of C is

distributive to the
The
perpendicular plane
formed
law by A and B

Cross
The productofiscross
derivative
d
not commutative A B
A (B C) A B A
C
dA

B
A
dB

product
obeys the chain rule
B
A
Calculate cross Az By )i ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) j ( Ax By Ay Bx )k
( Ay Bzproduct
dt dt dt

Derivatio

How do we show
? A Bz ( Ay Bz Az By )i ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) j ( Ax By Ay Bx )k

n
x y
that
Start
with A BAx iiBA
B j A
y j Bz k

k
A B ( Axi Ay j Az k ) (Bxi By j Bz k )
Then
Ax i (Bx i yB j z B k) y A j
x
(B iy B zj B kz ) Ax k (B
y
i z B

But
k )
i j k;j i B ; j j k
i j

i k
AB
i i 0; j j 0; k k
B
Axx B yy
A ABzz

0
So x y x z y x y z

A B A i B j A i B k A j B i A j
B k

Az k Bxi Az k By j
 Calculatin Cross
B
A
Find: Where: A 2i 3 j B i 2 j

Solution:
g Products
A B (2i 3 j) (i 2 j) i

2i (i) 2i 2 j 3 j (i) j k
F (2i 3 j)N r (4i 5
0 4i j 3 j i 0 4k 7k
j)m 3 j2 j
3k
Calculate torque given a force and its location

Solution: r
F (4i 5 j) (2i 3 j)

4i 2i 4i 3 j 5 j 2i 5 j 3 j

0 4i 3 j 5 j 2i 0 12k 10k
2k (Nm)
 Summar

Ay A sin( )

y 2 2

Polar Ax A Ay
Bewarecoordinates
of 180- of vector ambiguit
A
Ax

A A i A j A k
A (A, ) Cartesian Ay Ay
tan degree x
y
y z
tan or tan 1
coordinates (Ax, Ay) Relations
C A B

Addition of B x)i ( A y B )y j
Unit
x
(C
A A B
between
vectors: them: x x x C y Ay By
vectors:

aA aAxi aAy j

Scalar multiplication of a A B AB cos Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz

Product
vector: of two vectors: scalarproduct and cross
Aand B
B AB sin
A
Dot product is a scalar:
product ):
Cross product is a
vector (