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Deterioration of Bituminous Roads
Deterioration of Bituminous Roads
Asphalt Mix
Polymer Asphalt Concrete
Soft Bitumen Mix (Cold Mix)
Granular Base Porous Asphalt
Slurry Seal
Penetration Macadam
Pavement Classification System
Deformation Distress
Rutting
Roughness
Drainage Distress
Drainage
Distress Modes
Distress Modes
Surfacing Distress
Cracking Area: Sum of rectangular areas circumscribing
manifest distress (line cracks are assigned a width of
0.5 m), expressed as a percentage of carriageway area.
Structural Cracking
0 0 0 5.0
1 700 13 4.2
Good Paved 2 1400 26 3.5
3 2200 40 3.0
4 3000 50 2.4
5 3800 65 2.0
6 4700 80 1.7
Good Unpaved 8 6500 100 1.2
10 8300 130 0.6
Poor Paved 12 10000 156 0
16 14000 210
Poor Unpaved 20 18000 260
24 22000 310
COARSE HARSH
A TD~ 2mm SFC 50~ 0.6
COARSE POLISHED
FINE HARSH
FINE POLISHED
SNC = SN + SNSG
ASSHTO
n Structural
SN a h
i 1
i i
Number
Benkelman
or FWD
Deflection
Treatment
Applied
ASSET
CONDITION
Minimum
Acceptable
Standard
(TRIGGER)
POOR TIME
What We are Trying to Predict (2)
Poor
Road Condition
Maintenance Standard
Pavement
Performance
Curve
Rehabilitation
Good
Time (years) or Traffic Loading
Road Deterioration Depends On
Original design
Material types
Construction quality
Traffic volume and axle loading
Road geometry and alignment
Pavement age
Environmental conditions
Maintenance policy
Start Point Critical For Predictions
Types of Models
Deterministic Probabilistic
Predict that there Predict that there is
is a set outcome of a probability of an
an event outcome
Used for network Used for network
or project analyses analyses
Give detailed work Cannot give detailed
program for a work program for a
section section
HDM-4
Probabilistic Models (1)
P r o b a b ilit y
10%
C ra c k e d
C u rre n t 20%
C ra c k e d
C o n d it io n
40%
N o t C ra c k e d C ra c k e d
90%
70%
N o t C ra c k e d C ra c k e d
80%
100%
N o t C ra c k e d C ra c k e d
60%
N o t C ra c k e d
30%
T im e
Probabilistic Models (2)
Absolute models
predict the condition at a particular point
in time as a function of independent
variables and the road condition at
construction time
Absolute
Predicts the future condition
o CONDITION = f(a0, a1, a2)
Limitedto conditions model developed for
Problems with calibration
Used on HDM-4 for concrete roads
Incremental
Predictsthe change in condition from the
current condition:
CONDITION = f(a0, a1, a2)
Can use any start point so much more flexible
Used in HDM-4 for Bituminous Roads
Pavement Defects Modelled in HDM-4
Structural
CRACKING Thermal
Reflection
Initial Densification
RUTTING Structural Deformation
Plastic Deformation
Surface Wear
RAVELLING
POTHOLING Structural
Cracking
ROUGHNESS Rutting
Potholing
Patching
Environment
Interaction Mechanisms
Area of Rut
Cracking depth
t1 t1
Time Time
Uneven
Surface Uneven
surface
Further
Spalling cracking
ROUGHNESS Shear
Potholes
Patches
Patches
Principles Of Deterioration Models
Input pavement
Year Loop strength,
condition, age for initial
Compute traffic analysis year
loading
Compute surface distress
increment
Compute roughness
increment
Scheduled
maintenance? Y
N
Patching?
Y
N
Compute post-maintenance condition, strength,
age
Roughness
12
Roughness (IRI)
10
8
Do Nothing
6
4
Treatment
2
0
1 6 11 16
Year
Maintenance Effects
Roughness at the
Roughness at the End of the Year
Beginning of the Year
Roughness Increment
during the analysis year IRIb
IRIb
dIRI
IRIa dIRI
Analysis Year IRIa
Analysis Year
Maintenance dIRIoper
Operation
Effect
dRIc = a0 * dACRA
dACRA = f(annual increase in cracking)
dRIr = a0 * dRDS
dRDS = f(annual increase in rutting)
dRIt = a0 * dPOT
dPOT = f(annual increase in potholes)
Roughness Increment Due to
Environment
Initiation
Progression
Cracking Initiation Model (1)
ICA=Kcia{CDS2*a0exp[a1SNP+a2(YE4/SN2)
+CRT}
ICA time to cracking initiation, in years
CDS construction quality
SNP structural number of pavement
YE4 traffic loading
Kcia calibration factor
CRT effect of maintenance
Cracking Initiation Model (2)
14
CDS = 1.25
12
CDS = 1.00
CDS = 0.75
10
All Crack Initiation Period (years)
6 SNP = 5
4
SNP = 2
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Axle Loading (MESAL/year)
Cracking Progression Model (1)
100
SNPd = 6 SNPd = 3
80 YE4 = 1.0 YE4 = 0.1
Area of Structural Cracking (%)
60
40
20
All Cracking
Wide Cracking
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time Since Crack Initiation (years)
Transverse Thermal Cracking
Densification - No Cracking
Age
Rut Depth Progression (3)
Rutting = F(age, traffic, strength,
compaction)
Weak Pavement
Rutting (mm)
Strong Pavement
Progression of Ravelling
(area of carriageway)
ARV
Ravelling Initiation
Ravelling Progression
Potholing
Time to Initiation of Potholes
(years)
IPT
Progression of Potholing
(number of potholes)
NPT
Potholing Initiation
Granular base
8
MMP = 100 mm/month
7
Time to Pothole Initiation (years)
HS = 150 mm
6
HS = 100 mm
5
HS = 50 mm
4
HS = 20 mm
3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Traffic (million axles/lane/year)
Potholing Progression (1)
Pothole progression is affected by
the time lapse between the
occurrence and patching of potholes
- TLF
Maintenance Frequency TLF
< 2 weeks 0.02
1 month 0.06
2 months 0.12
3 months 0.20
4 months 0.28
6 months 0.43
12 months 1.00
Potholing Progression (2)
Cracking
Ravelling
Enlargement
Potholing Progression (3)
1000
HS = 50 mm
HS = 25 mm
800
HS = 100 mm
Potholing (no/km/year)
600
400
Granular base
200 ACW = 40%
MMP = 100 mm/month
TLF = 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Traffic (million axles/lane/year)
Edge Break (1)
Condition
Reconstruct
Overlay
Traffic / Time
Road Works
Road Works Modelling
o Emergencies
o Winter maintenance
Road Works Activities (1)
Responsive
Pavement condition
Pavement strength
Surface age
Traffic volumes/loadings
Accident rates
Maintenance Effects
Depending on distress
maintenance has different effects
Distress
Quantity Time or Traffic
Maintenance May Affect
Pavement strength
Pavement condition
Pavement history
Maintenance cost
Cao Cb4
Cb2 = Ca3
Ca2
0 1 2 3 4 Years
Scheduled intervention
Percent
total
costs
100
0 1 2 3 4 Years
Works Duration Up to Five years
Note:
Cay = Variable at the beginning of year y
Cby = Variable at the end of year y
Road
variable Cb1 = Ca2 Cb2 = Ca3
Responsive Cbo = Ca1 Cb3
intervention
Cao
Cb4 = Ca5
Ca4
0 1 2 3 4 Years
40
30
0 1 2 3 4 Years
Hierarchy of Roads Works
Works Type Works Activity / Operation Hierarchy Unit Cost
New section Dualisation of an existing section 1 per km
Upgrading Upgrading to a new surface class 2 per km
Realignment Geometric realignment 3 per km
Widening Lane addition 4 per m2 or per km
Partial widening 5 per m2 or per km
Reconstruction Pavement reconstruction 6 per m2 or per km
Rehabilitation Mill and replace 7 per m2
Overlay rubberised asphalt 8 per m2
Overlay dense-graded asphalt 9 per m2
Overlay open-graded asphalt 10 per m2
Inlay 11 per m2
Thin overlay 12 per m2
Resurfacing Cape seal with shape correction 13 per m2
(Resealing) Cape seal 14 per m2
Double surface dressing with shape correction 15 per m2
Double surface dressing 16 per m2
Single surface dressing with shape correction 17 per m2
Single surface dressing 18 per m2
Slurry seal 19 per m2
Preventive Fog sealing 20 per m2
Treatment Rejuvenation 21 per m2
Routine Edge repair* 22 per m2
Pavement Patching* 22 per m2
Crack sealing* 22 per m2
Pavement Type After Maintenance