SHALLOW FOUNDATION

NAME: INDRAJIT MITRA

PAPER NAME AND CODE: SEMINAR-I
AND CE 792
institute: university institute of
technology,
THE BURDWAN
UNIVERSITY
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 INTRODUCTION
Shallow foundations are those that transmit

structural loads to the near surface soils.

According
to the Terzaghi, a foundation is
shallow foundation if its depth is equal to or less
than its width i.e d w.

For
most of the residential buildings or
buildings with moderate height or multistoreyed
building on soil with sufficient strength, shallow
foundation is used from economical
consideration.
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 Major Requirements :
Near surface soil should be strong enough

Foundation structures should be able to

sustain the applied loads without exceeding
the safe bearing capacity of the soil.

The settlement of the structure should be

should be within the tolerable limits.

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When shallow foundation avoided :

When the upper soil layer is highly

compressible and too weak
In the case of Expansive soils
In case of Bridge abutments and
piers because of soil erosion at the
ground surface
Soils such as loess are collapsible in
nature

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 Types of Shallow Foundation:
Spread footing: A spread footing is one
which supports either one wall or one
column.
Spread footing may be of the following
types
Strip footing
Pad footing

Fig: Pad Footing

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Types of Shallow Foundation(cont.):
Combined footing: When a spread
footing supports the load of more than one
column or wall.

Fig: Combined
Footings 6
 Types of Shallow Foundation(CONT.):
Strap footing: : A strap footing
comprises of two or more footings of
individual columns, connected by a beam,
called a strap.

Fig: Strap
Footings

Raft foundation: A raft foundation is a

combined footing that covers the entire area
beneath a structure and supports all the
walls and columns.
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 Types of Shallow Foundation(CONT.):

Fig- Raft foundations

Requirements for the raft foundations:

The allowable soil pressure is low, or the building loads are heavy

Use of spread footings would cover more than one-half of the area

Soil is sufficiently erratic so that the differential settlement difficult to control

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 FACTORS FOR DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION:
Bearing capacity of soil
Ground water table
Depth of frost action
Depth of volume change due to
presence of expansive soils
Local erosion of soil due to flowing
water
Underground defects such as root
holes, cavities, mine shafts, etc.
excavation, ditch, pond, water
course, filled up ground
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 PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BELOW FOOTINGS
The distribution of soil pressure under a footing is a
function of the type of soil, the relative rigidity of the soil
and the footing, and the depth of foundation at level of
contact between footing and soil.

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GROUND WATER TABLE AND FOOTINGS

A RISING WATER TABLE HAVE FOLLOWING ADVERSE

EFFECTS :
1) Appreciable reduction in the bearing capacity
2) Development of uplift pressure
3) Possible ground heave due to the reduction of
the effective stresses caused by the increasing
pore water pressures.
4) Expansion of the heavily compacted fills under
the foundation
5) Appreciable settlements of the poorly
compacted fills
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 SOIL STIFFNESS PARAMETER AND
FOOTING

Soil stiffness is generally measured in the terms of Modulus of sub-

grade reaction (K-value).

Where, p = load intensity corresponding to settlement of plate (30cm x 30cm)

of 0.125 cm.
TABLE: K-VALUE CHANGES WITH SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

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SOIL STIFFNESS PARAMETER AND FOOTING
(cont).

Foundation Size Effect on Modulus of Sub grade

Reaction in Clayey Soil :

Foundation Size Effect on Modulus of Subgrade

Reaction In Sandy Soils:

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 BEARING CAPACITY and footing
Factors influencing Bearing Capacity:

I. Type of soil III. Unit weight of soil

II. Surcharge load IV. Depth of
foundation
V. Mode of failure VI. Size of footing
VII. Shape of footing VIII. Depth of water
table
IX. Eccentricity in footing load
X. Inclination of footing load
XI. Inclination of ground
XII. Inclination of base of foundation 14
 MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE
General shear failure: Seen in dense and stiff soil.

Fig: Fig: General shear

failure

Local shear failure: Seen in relatively loose and soft soil.

Fig: Fig: Local shear

failure
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 MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE (CONT.):
Punching shear failure: Seen in loose , soft soil and at deeper
elevations.

Fig- punching shear

failure

TERZAGHIS BEARING CAPACITY THEORY:

According to Terzaghi the equation for ultimate bearing capacity for a strip
footing is obtained as follows, ultimate bearing capacity
qf = cNC + DNq +0.5
BN
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 BEARING CAPACITY OF FOOTINGS (CONT.)
Circular footing :

qff == 1.3 cNcc + DNqq +0.3 BN

Square footing:

qff == 1.3 cNcc + DNqq +0.4 BN

Rectangular footing:

qff == (1+0.3 B/L)cNc + DNqq + (1-0.2 B/L)0.5BN

Effect of Water Table fluctuation :

Ultimate bearing capacity with the effect of water table is given by,
qff= cNCC + DNqq RW1 +0.5 BN RW2
q = cN + DN W1
f C
R +0.5 BN
q W1
W2
R W2

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 Effect of Water Table fluctuation :(cont.)
CASE 1:

Where, ZW1 is the depth of water table from ground level.

CASE 2:

Where, ZW2 is the depth of water table from foundation level.

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BEARING CAPACITY ACCORDING TO INDIAN
STANDARD CODES

General shear failure:

qf = c Nc sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + 0.5 B Ns d iW
Local shear failure:
qf = c N'c sc dc ic + q (Nq-1) sq dq iq + 0.5 B N's d iW
Shape factors for different shapes of
footings:

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 BEARING CAPACITY ACCORDING TO
INDIAN STANDARD CODES (cont.)
Depth factors:
dc = 1 + 0.2 Df/B N
dq = d = 1 for < 10
dq = d = 1 + 0.1 Df/B N for
> 10
Inclination factor :

ic = iq = (1- /90)
i = (1- /)
Values of W:
1. Water table remain at or below a depth of (Df + B), then
W= 1.
2. Water table located at depth Df or likely to rise above the
base then, W= 0.5
3. If Df < Dw < (Df + B), then W be obtained by linear
interpolation 20
 SETTLEMENTS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
The total settlement of a footing in clay may be considered to three
components (Skempton and Bjerrum, 1957)

S = Sii + Scc +Sss

Immediate Settlement:

Values for influence factors, If :

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 Settlement s of shallow foundation(cont.)
Primary Consolidation: The primary consolidation
settlement Sc is given by the following formula:
Sc =

Values of for different types of soil :

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 Settlement s of shallow foundation(cont.)
Secondary consolidation: Secondary
consolidation settlement is more important in the case of
organic and highly-compressible inorganic clays which is
given by,
Ss =

C = Secondary Compression Index =

Fig: void ratio vs. time (log

scale)

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 CORRECTION ON TOTAL SETTLEMENT FOR DEPTH
AND RIGIDITY
1) Effect of Depth of Foundation:
Corrected settlement = Scorrected = Sc x Depth factor

Fig: Foxs correction curves for settlements of flexible

Rectangular footings of BxL at depth D
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CORRECTION ON TOTAL SETTLEMENT FOR DEPTH
AND RIGIDITY
Effect of the rigidity of foundation:
2)
Rigidity factor =

= 0.8
TABLE: Permissible uniform and differential settlement and tilt for footings

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 PLATE LOAD TEST
LOADING SYSTEMS: There are two loading set-up :

Fig: set up for gravity loading platform Fig: set up for reaction loading platform
DETERMINATION OF SETTLEMENT:
According to Terzaghi and Peck (1948):

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 PLATE LOAD TEST(cont.)
According to Bond (1961):

Table: Values of index n for different soils:

DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY:

Bearing capacity can be obtained from the load settlement curve

that can be plotted from settlement data.

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 PLATE LOAD TEST(cont.)

Fig : Load- settlement curves

o obtained from test

From the corrected load settlement curves (given below)the ultimate

bearing capacity in case of dense cohesionless soils or cohesive soils can be
obtained without difficulty (curves D and B ) as the failure is well defined.

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 PLATE LOAD TEST(cont.)
Fig : Corrected LoadSettlement curve (in log-log scale)

The bearing capacity of sands and gravels increases with the size of footings.

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 CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

The following conclusions can be drawn , they are -

Shallow foundations are used when the soil has sufficient strength within a
short depth below the ground level.
Terzaghis equation is generally used for computation of bearing capacity of

soil.
For design purpose, it is usually necessary to investigate both the bearing
capacity of soil and the settlement of a footing.
Plate load test is used to determine the ultimate bearing capacity and settlement

of a footing in field.
There are another tests like S.P.T and C.P.T also used to determine ultimate

bearing capacity.

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 REFERENCES
IS 6403: 1981 (Reaffirmed 2002): Code of practice for determination of breaking capacity
of shallow foundations
IS:1888:1982 (Reaffirmed 1995) : Method of load test on soils
IS 1080 - 1985 (Reaffirmed 1997): Code of practice for design and construction of shallow
foundations in soils (other than raft, ring and shell).
IS 2950 (Part1) -1981 (Reaffirmed 1998): Code of practice for design and construction of
raft foundations - part 1 design.
IS 8009 (Part 1) - 1976 (Re affirmed 1998): Code of practice for calculation of settlements
of foundations part-1(swallow foundations subjected to symmetrical static vertical loads).
IS 8009 (Part 2) - 1980 (Re affirmed 1995): Code of practice for calculation of settlements
of foundations part-2(deep foundations subjected to symmetrical static vertical loading).
IS 9214 - 1979 (Re affirmed 1997): Method of determination of modulus of subgrade
reaction (k-value) of soils in field.
Soil mechanics and foundation: Punmia, Jain and Jain.
NPTEL Advanced foundation engineering.

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THANK YOU

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