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Target Costing and Cost Analysis For Pricing Decisions: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Target Costing and Cost Analysis For Pricing Decisions: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Target Costing and Cost Analysis For Pricing Decisions: Mcgraw-Hill/Irwin
Pricing
Decisions
Competitors Costs
Learning
Objective
2
Market
Costs
Forces
Firms
Firms usually
usually have
have flexibility
flexibility in
in setting
setting prices.
prices.
The
The quantity
quantity sold
sold usually
usually
declines
declines as
as the
the price
price is
is increased.
increased.
Total Revenue Curve
Dollars
Total revenue
Quantity sold
per month
Demand Schedule and Marginal
Dollars
Revenue Curve
per unit
Demand
Revenue per Marginal
unit decreases revenue
as quantity increases. Quantity sold
per month
Total Cost Curve
Dollars
Quantity made
per month
Determining the Profit-Maximizing
Price and Quantity
Dollars
per unit
p*
Demand
Marginal
cost Marginal Quantity made
revenue
q* and sold
per month
Determining the Profit-Maximizing
Price and Quantity
Dollars
per unit Profit is maximized where
marginal cost equals
marginal revenue, resulting
p* in price p* and quantity q*.
Demand
Marginal
cost Marginal Quantity made
revenue
q* and sold
per month
Determining the Profit-Maximizing
Price and Quantity
Dollars Total cost
Total revenue
Quantity made
q* and sold
per month
Price Elasticity
The impact of
price changes on
sales volume
The extent to
which a change in
a products price affects the
demand for other
substitute products.
Limitations of the
Profit-Maximizing Model
We
We will
will use
use this
this unit
unit cost
cost information
information toto illustrate
illustrate the
the
relationship
relationship between
between cost
cost and
and markup
markup necessary
necessary to to
achieve
achieve thethe desired
desired unit
unit sales
sales price
price ofof $925.
$925.
Cost-Plus Pricing - Example
Variable mfg. cost $ 400
Markup on
Fixed mfg. cost 250
variable
Full-absorption mfg. cost $ 650
manufacturing
Variable S & A cost 50
cost
Fixed S & A cost 100
Total cost $ 800
Advantages Disadvantage
Do not obscure cost Fixed costs may be
behavior patterns. overlooked in pricing
decisions, resulting in
Do not require fixed prices that are too
cost allocations. low to cover total
More useful for costs.
managers.
Determining the Markup:
Return-on-Investment Pricing
Lets
Lets solve
solve for
for the
the 131.25
131.25 percent
percent markup.
markup. Invested
Invested
capital
capital is
is $300,000,
$300,000, thethe desired
desired ROI
ROI is
is 20
20 percent,
percent,
and
and annual
annual sales
sales volume
volume is
is 480
480 units.
units.
Determining the Markup:
Return-on-Investment Pricing
Step
Step 1:1: Solve
Solve forfor the
the income
income that
that
will
will result
result in
in an
an ROI
ROI of
of 20
20 percent.
percent.
Income
ROI =
Invested Capital
Income
20% =
$300,000
Income = 20% $300,000
Income = $60,000
Determining the Markup:
Return-on-Investment Pricing
Step
Step 2:
2: Recall
Recall the
the unit
unit cost
cost information
information below.
below.
Solve
Solve for
for the
the unit
unit sales
sales price
price necessary
necessary to
to
result
result in
in an
an income
income ofof $60,000.
$60,000.
$60,000
Unit sales price - $800 unit cost =
480 units
Unit sales price - $800 unit cost = $125 per unit
Unit sales price = $925
Determining the Markup:
Return-on-Investment Pricing
Step
Step 3:
3: Compute
Compute the
the markup
markup percentage
percentage on
on
the
the $400
$400 variable
variable manufacturing
manufacturing cost.
cost.
Market research
determines the price Management computes
at which a new a manufacturing cost that
product will sell. will provide an acceptable
profit margin.
Production Process
Component Activities
Learning
Objective
7
High-volume products
May be overcosted
Low-volume products
May be undercosted
Learning
Objective
8
Product design
design
Product
Product costs
costs
Production
Production processes
processes
Value
Value Engineering
Engineering (VE)
(VE)
Cost
Cost reduction
reduction
Design
Design improvement
improvement
Process
Process improvement
improvement
Learning
Objective
9
Used by
construction
companies, printers,
and professional
service firms.
Time and Material Pricing
Time charges:
Hourly Overhead Hourly charge Total
labor + cost per + to provide labor hours
cost labor hour profit margin required
Material Charges:
Total Overhead Total
material per dollar material
cost
+ of material cost
incurred cost incurred
Learning
Objective
10
Predatory pricing
End of Chapter 15
What is the
right price?