Chapter 3

Vectors in Real Life

Chapter 3A.
Translational Equilibrium
A MOUNTAIN CLIMBER exerts action forces on
crevices and ledges, which produce reaction forces
on the climber, allowing him to scale the cliffs.
Photo by Photo Disk Vol.
1/Getty
Objectives: After completing
this module, you should be
able to:
State and describe with examples
Newtons three laws of motion.
State and describe with examples your
understanding of the first condition for
equilibrium.
Draw free-body diagrams for objects in
translational equilibrium.
Write and apply the first condition for
equilibrium to the solution of problems
similar to those in this module.
 Newtons First Law
Newtons
Newtons First
First Law:
Law: An
An object
object at
at rest
rest or
or an
an
object
object in
in motion
motion at at constant
constant speed
speed will
will
remain
remain atat rest
rest or
or at
at constant
constant speed
speed inin the
the
absence
absence ofof aa resultant
resultant force.
force.

AA glass
glass isis placed
placed on
on aa board
board andand the
the
board
board isis jerked
jerked quickly
quickly to
to the
the right.
right. The
The
glass
glass tends
tends to to remain
remain at
at rest
rest while
while the
the
board
board isis removed.
removed.
 Newtons First Law (Cont.)
Newtons
Newtons First
First Law:
Law: An
An object
object at
at rest
rest or
or an
an
object
object in
in motion
motion at at constant
constant speed
speed will
will
remain
remain atat rest
rest or
or at
at constant
constant speed
speed inin the
the
absence
absence ofof aa resultant
resultant force.
force.

Assume
Assume glass
glass and
and board
board movemove together
together
at
at constant
constant speed.
speed. IfIf the
the board
board stops
stops
suddenly,
suddenly, the
the glass
glass tends
tends toto maintain
maintain its
its
constant
constant speed.
speed.
 Understanding the First
Law:
Discuss what the
driver experiences
when a car accelerates
from rest and then
applies the brakes.

(a) The driver is forced to move

forward. An object at rest tends to
remain at rest.
(b) Driver must resist the forward
motion as brakes are applied. A
moving object tends to remain in
motion.
 Newtons Second Law
Newtons
Newtons second
second law
law of
of motion
motion willwill be
be
discussed
discussed quantitatively
quantitatively later
later ,, after
after
we
we have
have covered
covered acceleration.
acceleration.

Acceleration
Acceleration is is the
the rate
rate at
at which
which the the
speed
speed of
of an
an object
object changes.
changes. An An object
object
with
with an
an acceleration
acceleration of of 22 m/s
m/s22,, for
for
example,
example, isis an
an object
object whose
whose speed
speed
increases
increases by
by 22 m/s
m/s every
every second
second itit
travels.
travels.
 Newtons Second Law:
Second
Second Law:
Law: Whenever
Whenever aa resultant
resultant
force
force acts
acts on
on an
an object,
object, itit produces
produces an an
acceleration
acceleration -- an
an acceleration
acceleration thatthat is
is
directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to the
the force
force and
and
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to thethe mass.
mass.

FF
aa

mm
 Acceleration and Force
With Zero Friction Forces

Pushing the cart with twice the

force produces twice the
acceleration. Three times the force
triples the acceleration.
 Acceleration and Mass
Again With Zero Friction

F F

a/2
a

Pushing two carts with same force F

produces one-half the acceleration. The
acceleration varies inversely with the
amount of material (the mass).
 Newtons Third Law
To
To every
every action
action force
force there
there must
must be
be an
an
equal
equal and
and opposite
opposite reaction
reaction force.
force.

Force of Force of
Ceiling Man on Force
on Man Floor of Wall
Force on
of Hands Force
Floor of
on Hands
Force of Man on
Man on Wall
Ceiling

Action and reaction forces act on different

objects.
 Newtons Third Law
Two
Two More
More Examples:
Examples:

Actio
n

Reaction Action
Reactio
n

Action and Reaction Forces Act on

Different Objects. They Do Not Cancel
Each Other!
Measuring Mass and Force
The SI unit of force is the newton
(N) and the unit for mass is the
kilogram (kg).
Before presenting formal definitions
of these units, however, we will
conduct an experiment by slowly
increasing the force on a given
Although the force in newtons will
object.
become our standard, we begin by
using the more familiar unit of
force--the pound (lb).
 Force and Acceleration
F
4 lb a = 2 ft/s2
F
8 lb a = 4 ft/s2

F
12 lb a = 6 ft/s2

Acceleration a is directly proportional

to force F and is in the direction of
the force. Friction forces are ignored
in this experiment.
 Force and Acceleration
F F =
F a Constant

8 lb lb
a =2
4 ft/s2 ft/s2
a
Inertia or mass of 1 slug = 1 lb/
(ft/s2)
Mass m = 2 slugs
 MASS: A Measure of
Inertia
1 slug
6 lb a=6
ft/s2
2slugs 6 lb a=3
ft/s2
3slugs 6 lb a=2
ft/s2
One slug is that mass on which a constant
force of 1 lb will produce an acceleration of 1
ft/s2. Friction forces are ignored in this
experiment.
 Two Systems of Units
USCU system: Accept lb as unit of
force, ft as unit of length, and s as
unit of time. Derive new unit of
mass, the slug.
slug
FF (lb) m (slugs) a
(lb) = m (slugs) a (ft/s ))
= (ft/s22

SI system: Accept kg as unit of

mass, m as unit of length, and s as
unit of time. Derive new unit of
force, the newton (N).
FF (N)
(N) ==m (kg) aa
m (kg)
(m/s
(m/s ))
22
 Newton: The Unit of Force
One newton is that resultant force
which imparts an acceleration of 1
m/s2 to a mass of 1 kg.
FF (N)
(N) ==m (kg) aa
m (kg)
(m/s
(m/s ))
22

What resultant force will give a 3 kg

mass an acceleration of 4 m/s2?
F Remember F = m a
3
kg =? F (3 kg)(4 m/s 2 )
a=4
m/s2 FF =
= 12
12 N
N
Example 1: What resultant force F is
required to give a 6 kg block an
acceleration of 2 m/s
a=2
2
? m/s2
6 F
kg =?

F = ma = (6 kg)(2 m/s2)

FF =
= 12
12 N
N
Remember consistent units for
force, mass, and acceleration in
all problems.
Example 2: A 40-lb resultant force causes
a block to accelerate at 5 ft/s2. What is
the mass?
a = 5 ft/s2
m= F = 40
? lb
F
F ma or m
a
F 40 lb m
m= = 88
m 2
a 5 ft/s slugs
slugs
You must recall that the slug is the
appropriate mass unit when F is in lb
and a is in ft/s2.
Example 3. A net force of 4.2 x 104 N
acts on a 3.2 x 104 kg airplane during
takeoff. What is the force on the planes
75-kg pilot?
First we find F = 4.2 x 104 N +
the F = ma
acceleration a
of plane. m = 3.2 x 104 kg

F 4.2 x 104 N
a 4 a = 1.31
m 3.2 x 10 kg
m/s2
To find F on 78-kg pilot, assume same
acceleration:
F = ma = (75 kg)(1.31 m/s2);
F = 98.4 N
 Problem Solving Strategy
(For the Simpler Problems.)
Read
Read problem;
problem; draw
draw and
and label
label sketch.
sketch.
List
List all
all given
given quantities
quantities and
and state
state what
what is
is
to
to be
be found.
found.
Make
Make suresure all
all given
given units
units are
are consistent
consistent
with
with Newtons
Newtons second
second law
law of
of motion
motion ((FF =
=
m
m aa).).
Determine
Determine two
two of
of the
the three
three parameters
parameters inin
Newtons
Newtons law,
law, then
then solve
solve for
for the
the unknown.
unknown.
 Weight and Mass
Weight is the force due to gravity. It
is directed downward and it varies
from location to location.
Mass is a universal constant which
is a measure of the inertia of a body.

F = m a so that: W = mg and
W
m= g
 Weight and Mass:
Examples
What is the weight of a 10-
10k kg block?
W = mg = (10 kg)(9.8
g m m/s2)
9.8m/s
2
W W
W== 98
98 N
N
What is the mass of a 64-lb
block?
64 lb
W = mg m 2
2 slugs
32 ft/s
32 ft/s2 64 lb
Description of Objects
Objects described by mass
or weight:
W (N) = m (kg) x 9.8
m/s2
W (lb) = m (slugs) x 32
ft/s2
Conversions made by Newtons
2nd Law:
W
W = mg m=
g
 Example 5. A resultant force of 40
N gives a block an acceleration of
8 m/s2. What is the weight of the
block near the
Tosurface
find of thewe must
weight,
a 8 F = 40 first find the mass of the
Earth?
N
N
m/s2
block:
W= F
? F ma; m
a
40 N W = mg
m 2
5 kg
8 m/s = (5 kg)(9.8
Now
Now find
find weight
weight m/s2)
of
of aa 5-kg
5-kg mass
mass W
W= = 49.0
49.0 N
N
on
on earth.
earth.
 Example 6: A 60-kg athlete exerts a force
on a 10-kg skateboard. If she receives an
acceleration of 4 m/s2, what is the
acceleration of the skateboard?(Newton
3rd Law)
Force on runner = -(Force on
board)
mr ar = -mb ab
Force (60 kg)(4 m/s 2
) = -(10
on kg) ab
Board (60 kg)(4 m/s)
a 24 m/s 2

Force -(10 kg)

on aa =
= -- 24
24
Runner m/s 22
m/s
 Translational Equilibrium
An object is said to be in
Translational Equilibrium if and
only if there is no resultant force. B A
This means that the sum of all C
acting forces is zero.

In
In the
the example,
example, the
the resultant
resultant of
of the
the three
three
forces
forces A,
A, B,
B, and
and CC acting
acting on
on the
the ring
ring must
must
be
be zero.
zero.
 Visualization of Forces
Force diagrams are necessary for
studying objects in equilibrium. Dont
confuse action forces with reaction
forces.
Equilibrium: The action forces are
FF 00 each ON the ring.

A Force A: By ceiling on
B
ring.
Force B: By ceiling on
C
Force C: ring.
By weight on
ring.
 Visualization of Forces
(Cont.)
Now lets look at the Reaction Forces for
the same arrangement. They will be
equal, but opposite, and they act on
different objects.
Reaction Reaction forces are each
forces: exerted: BY the ring.

Br Ar Force Ar: By ring on

ceiling.
Force B
Cr r: By ring on
ceiling.
Force C : By ring on
r
weight.
 Vector Sum of Forces
An object is said to be in
Translational Equilibrium if and
only if there is no resultant force. 400
A
The vector sum of all forces B
acting on the ring is zero in this
case. C
W

Vector sum: F = A + B + C
=0
 Vector Force Diagram
400
A
A Ay Ay
B B 400

C
C Ax
W
W

A free-body diagram is a force

diagram all the elements in this
showing
diagram: axes, vectors, components,
and angles.
 Free-body Diagrams:
Read
Read problem;
problem; draw
draw and
and label
label sketch.
sketch.
Isolate
Isolate aa common
common point
point where
where all
all forces
forces are
are
acting.
acting.
Construct
Construct force
force diagram
diagram at
at origin
origin of
of x,y
x,y axes.
axes.
Dot
Dot in
in rectangles
rectangles and
and label
label xx and
and yy
components
components opposite
opposite and
and adjacent
adjacent toto angles.
angles.
Label
Label all
all given
given information
information andand state
state what
what
forces
forces or
or angles
angles are
are to
to be
be found.
found.
 Look Again at Previous
Arrangement
A
40
0
Ay
A Ay
B B 40 0

Ax
C
C
W
W

1. Isolate 4. Label
point.
2. Draw x,y 5. components.
Show all given
3. axes.
Draw information.
vectors.
 Example 1. Draw a free-body diagram
for the arrangement shown on left. The
stick is light and of negligible weight.

Careful: A
On A Ay
The stick can
rop
B 300 only push or B 300
e
C B pull since it Ax
C
W has no
700 N weight. 700 N

The
The force BB is the force exerted on the
Isolate the rope at the end of the the
force is the force exerted on
rope
rope by the stick. Dont confuse itit with
boom. All forces must act ON thewith
by the stick. Dont confuse
the
the reaction
reaction force
force exerted
exerted by
by the
the rope
rope
rope!
on
on the
the stick.
stick.
 Translational Equilibrium
The First Condition for
Equilibrium is that there be
no resultant force.
This means that the sum
of all acting forces is zero.

FFxx 00 FFyy 00
 Example 2. Find the tensions in
ropes A and B for the arrangement
shown.
A
400
A Ay Ay
B B 400

C C Ax
200 N
200 N

The Resultant Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx =
Force on the ring 0
is zero: R y = A y + B y + Cy =
R = F = 0
0
Example 2. (Cont.) Finding
components.

Recall A Opp = Hyp x

trigonometry A = Asin
y sin 400
to find Adj = Hyp x
components: Ax = Acos
cos 400

A
The components
By = 0 A y
of the vectors are
B 400
Ax
found from the
Bx C
Cx = 0 free-body
Cy
diagram.
200 N Cy = -200
N
 Example 2. Continued . . .

Components A
Ax = A cos Ay Ay
B 400

40 0
Ay = A sin 400 Ax
C
Bx = B; By =
0 W
Cx = 0; Cy =
W
AA free-body
free-body diagram
diagram must
must represent
represent
all
all forces
forces as
as components
components along
along xx and
and
y-axes.
y-axes. ItIt must
must also
also show
show all
all given
given
information.
information.
 Example 2. Continued . . .
A Components
40 0

B Ay Ay
A B 400 Ax = A cos
C C Ax
200 N
40 0
Ay = A sin 400
200 N
Bx = B; By =
Fx= 0 Fy= 0 0
Cx = 0; Cy =
W
F x A cos 40 B 0; or B A cos 40
0 0

F
y A sin 40 200 N 0; or A sin 40 200 N
0 0
 Example 2. Continued . . .
A Two
Ay Ay equations;
A sin 40 200 N
0
B 40 0

C Ax two
unknowns
B A cos 40 0

200 N

Solve 200 N Solve Next

A 311 N
first for A sin 40 0
for B

B A cos 40 (311 N) cos 40 ; B =238 N

0 0

The tensions
in A and B are A = 311 N; B = 238
N
 Problem Solving Strategy
1. Draw a sketch and label all
information.
2. Draw a free-body diagram.
3. Find components of all forces (+
and -).
Fx=
4. Apply First 0 ; Fyfor
Condition =0
Equilibrium:
5. Solve for unknown forces or
angles.
Example 3. Find Tension in Ropes A and
B.

300 600 B By
B Ay A
A 300 600 600
300
Ax Bx
400 N 400 N

1. Draw free-body
Next
Next we
we will
will
diagram.
2. Determine angles. find
find
3. Draw/label components
components of of
components. each
each vector.
vector.
Example 3. Find the tension in ropes A and
B.

First Condition for

Equilibrium: B By
Ay A
300 600
Ax Bx
Fx= 0 ; Fy= 0
W 400 N

4. Apply 1st Condition for Equilibrium:

Fx = Bx - Ax = 0 Bx =
Fy = By + Ay - W = 0 By +Ax Ay = W
 Example 3. Find the tension in ropes A and
B.
Ax = A cos 300; Ay = A sin 300
B By
Bx = B cos Ay A
300 600
600
By = B sin 600 Ax Bx
Wx = 0; Wy = -400 W 400 N
N
Using Trigonometry, the first condition
yields:
B =
x B cos 60 = A cos
0

Ax
By + A y = W
30 0
A sin 30 + B sin 60 =
0 0

400 N
Example 3 (Cont.) Find the tension in A
and B.

B B cos 600 = A cos 300

A B
A y A sin 300 + B sin 600 = 400
30 0 600
y A B N
x x We now solve for A and B:
W 400 Two Equations and Two
N Unknowns.
We will first solve the horizontal
equation for B in terms of the unknown
A: 0
A cos 30
B 0
1.73 A BB =
= 1.732
1.732 AA
cos 60
Example 3 (Cont.) Find Tensions in A and
B.
B = 1.732 A
B B
A A Now apply Trig
y
A + B to:
300 600
y A B y = 400 N
y

400
x x
A sin 600 + B sin 600 =
N
400 N
B = 1.732 A A sin 300 + B sin 600 = 400
N
A sin 300 + (1.732 A) sin 600 = 400
N
0.500 A + 1.50 A = 400 AA =
= 200
200 N
N
N
Example 3 (Cont.) Find B with A = 200 N.

A = 200 N
B B
A A y B = 1.732 A
30 0 60 0
y A B
B = 1.732(400 N)
x x
W 400
B = 346
N
N
Rope tensions are: A = 200 N and B =
346 N
This problem is made much simpler if you
This problem is made much simpler if you
notice that the angle between vectors B and
A is 900 and rotate the x and y axes
(Continued)
 Review of Free-body
Diagrams:
Read
Read problem;
problem; draw
draw and
and label
label sketch.
sketch.
Construct
Construct force
force diagram
diagram for
for each
each object,
object,
vectors
vectors at
at origin
origin of
of x,y
x,y axes.
axes.
Dot
Dot in
in rectangles
rectangles and
and label
label xx and
and yy
compo-nents
compo-nents opposite
opposite and
and adjacent
adjacent to
to
angles.
angles.
Label
Label all
all components;
components; choose
choose positive
positive
direction.
direction.
 Example of Free-body
Diagram
300 600 B
A By
A B Ay 600
300
Ax Bx
4
kg W=
1. Draw and label sketch. mg
2. Draw and label vector force
diagram.
3. Dot in rectangles and label x and y
compo-nents opposite and adjacent
to angles.
Applying Newtons Second
Law
Read,
Read, draw,
draw, and
and label
label problem.
problem.
Draw
Draw free-body
free-body diagram
diagram for
for each
each body.
body.
Choose
Choose xx or
or y-axis
y-axis along
along motion
motion and
and
choose
choose direction
direction of
of motion
motion as
as positive.
positive.
Write
Write Newtons
Newtons law
law for
for both
both axes:
axes:
FFxx =
=mm aaxx FFyy =
=mm aayy
Solve
Solve for
for unknown
unknown quantities.
quantities.
Example 7: A cart and driver have a
mass of 120 kg. What force F is
required to give an acceleration of 6
m/s 2
with no
1. Read friction?and draw a sketch.
problem

Diagram for
Cart:
n F
x
W +
2. Draw a vector force diagram and
label forces.
3. Choose x-axis along motion and
indicate the right direction as
Example 7 (Cont.) What force F is
required to give an acceleration of 6
m/s2?
4. Write Newton's Law equation for
both axes.
Diagram for
m = 120 kg
cart:
n F
x
W +
ay = 0 Fx = max; F = ma
Fy = 0; n - W
F = (120 kg)(6
= 0 force
The normal m/s2)
n is equal to F = 720
weight W N
Example 8: What is the tension T in
the rope below if the block
accelerates upward at 4 m/s2? (Draw
sketch and free-body.)
Fx = m ax = 0 (No
T a info)
F =
y ma =
y

10 kg ma
a = +4 T - mg = m a
m/s2 mg = (10 kg)(9.8 m/s) =
T + 98 N
m a= (10 kg)(4 m/s) = 40
N
T - 98 N = 40 TT =
= 138
138
mg
N N
N
Example 9: In the absence of friction,
what is the acceleration down the 300
incline?
n + n
mg sin 600 mg co
s 60 0
600

W 300
mg
Fx = m a x a = (9.8 m/s2) cos
mg cos 600 = m 600
a
a = g cos 600 aa = 4.9 m/s
= 4.9 m/s
22
Example 10. Two-Body Problem: Find tension in
the connecting rope if there is noFind
friction on
the surfaces. acceleration of
12 N
2 system and
4 kg tension in
kg
connecting
First apply F = ma to entirecord.
system (both
masses).
n Fx = (m2 + m4) a
12 N
12 N = (6 kg) a
(m2 + 12 N
m4)g a= aa = 2 m/s
= 2 m/s
22
6 kg
 Example 10 (Cont.) The two-body
problem.
12 N Now find
2 tension T in
4 kg
kg connecting
cord.
Apply F = m a to the 2 kg mass where
a = 2m/s2.
n F x = m2 a
T
T = (2 kg)(2 m/s2)

m2 g TT =
= 44 N
N
 Example 10 (Cont.) The two-body problem.

12 N Same answer for

2 T results from
4 kg
kg focusing on 4-kg
by itself.
Apply F = m a to the 4 kg mass where a
= 2 m/s2.
n Fx = m 4 a
T 12 N 12 N - T = (4 kg)(2
m/s2)

m2 g TT =
= 44 N
N
Example 11 Find acceleration of system
and tension in cord for the arrangement
shown. First apply F = m a to
2 entire system along the
kg line of motion.
Fx = (m2 + m4) a
Note m2g is balanced

n
4 kg
m 4 g by
= (nm.2 +
T +a m 4) a
m 4g (4 kg)(9.8
T a= m/s
= )
2

m2 m2 + m4
2 kg + 4 kg
g
m4 aa =
= 6.53
6.53
g m/s
m/s 22
Example 11 (Cont.) Now find the tension T
given that the acceleration is a = 6.53 m/s2.
To find T, apply F = m a to
2
just the 2 kg mass,
kg
ignoring 4 kg.
F x m2 a or T m2 a
4 kg
n T = (2 kg)(6.53 m/s2)
T +a
TT =
= 13.1
13.1 N
N
T Same answer if using 4
m2 kg.
g
m4 m 4g - T = m 4 a
T = m4(g - a) = 13.1
g N
Example 11. Find the acceleration of the
system shown below. (The Atwood
machine.)
First apply F = ma to entire
system along the line of
motion.
Fx = (m2 + m5) a
2
5 kg
m5 g m2 g (m2 m5 )a kg
+a
m5 g m2 g (5 kg 2 kg)(9.8 m/s 2 )
a
m2 m5 2 kg + 5 kg T
T
aa =
= 4.20
4.20
m2 m5
m/s
m/s 22

g g
Exercise 1
Draw a free body diagram of the ring at point
A. The weight of the engine is 2.452 kN
Find TB and TD
Exercise 2
Draw a free body diagram of the ring at point
A. The weight of the light bulb set is 78.5 N.

Find TAC And TAB

 Summary
Newtons
Newtons FirstFirst Law:
Law: AnAn object
object at at rest
rest
or
or an an object
object in in motion
motion at at constant
constant
speed
speed will will remain
remain at at rest
rest or or atat
constant
constant speed
speed in in the
the absence
absence of of aa
resultant
resultant force.
force.
Newtons
Newtons Second
Second Law: Law: AA resultant
resultant
force
force produces
produces an an acceleration
acceleration in in the
the
direction
direction ofof the
the force
force that
that is
is directly
directly
proportional
proportional to to the
the force
force and
and inversely
inversely
proportional
proportional to to the
the mass.
mass.
Newtons
Newtons Third
Third Law:
Law: ForFor every
every action
action
force,
force, there
there must
must be be an
an equal
equal and
and
opposite
opposite reaction
reaction force.
force. Forces
Forces occur
occur
in pairs.
 Summary
Second
Second Law:
Law: Whenever
Whenever aa resultant
resultant
force
force acts
acts on
on an
an object,
object, itit produces
produces an an
acceleration,
acceleration, an
an acceleration
acceleration thatthat is
is
directly
directly proportional
proportional to
to the
the force
force and
and
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional to
to the
the mass.
mass.
 Summary
Third
Third Law:
Law: To
To every
every action
action force
force there
there must
must
be
be an
an equal
equal and
and opposite
opposite reaction
reaction force.
force.

Actio
n

Reaction Action
Reactio
n
 Summary: Procedure
FFRR N
N= = (kg)
FFRR ma
ma;; aa (kg)
m
m (m/s
(m/s22))
Read,
Read, draw
draw and
and label
label problem.
problem.
Draw
Draw free-body
free-body diagram
diagram for
for each
each
body.
body.
Choose
Choose xx or
or y-axis
y-axis along
along motion
motion
and
and choose
choose direction
direction ofof motion
motion as
as
positive.
positive.
Write
Write Newtons
Newtons lawlaw for
for both
both axes:
axes:
FFxx =
=mm aaxx FFyy =
=mm aayy
 Free-body Diagrams:
Read
Read problem;
problem; draw
draw and
and label
label sketch.
sketch.
Isolate
Isolate aa common
common point
point where
where all
all forces
forces are
are
acting.
acting.
Construct
Construct force
force diagram;
diagram; At
At origin
origin of
of x,y
x,y axes.
axes.
Dot
Dot in
in rectangles
rectangles and
and label
label xx and
and yy
components
components opposite
opposite and
and adjacent
adjacent toto angles.
angles.
Label
Label all
all given
given information
information andand state
state what
what
forces
forces or
or angles
angles are
are to
to be
be found.
found.
 Translational Equilibrium
The First Condition for
Equilibrium is that there be
no resultant force.
This means that the sum of
all acting forces is zero.

FFxx 00 FFyy 00
 Problem Solving Strategy
1. Draw a sketch and label all
information.
2. Draw a free-body diagram.
3. Find components of all forces (+
and -).
Fx=
4. Apply First 0 ; Fyfor
Condition =0
Equilibrium:
5. Solve for unknown forces or
angles.