Wireless transmission of

electricity
MICROWAVE METHOD

SUBMITTED BY
VISHAL PANDEY
SUPREET GHAI
TAPAN JAIN
TEJBINDER SINGH
EEE 3RD YEAR
UIET PANJAB UNIVERSITY
 INTRODUCTION

One of the major issues in power system is the losses

occurring during the transmission and distribution of
electrical power.
The percentage of loss of power during transmission and
distribution is approximated as 26%.
The main reason for power loss during transmission and
distribution is the resistance of wires used in grid.
According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), Indias
electricity grid has the highest transmission and
distribution losses in the world a whopping 27-40%.
Tesla has proposed methods of transmission of electricity
using electromagnetic induction.
 DEFINITION

As the word wireless means without wire.

Wireless energy transfer or wireless power is the
transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an
electric load without interconnecting man made
conductors.
Wireless transmission is useful in cases where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous or
impossible.
 HISTORY
Sir NICOLAI TESLA was the first one to propose and research the idea of
wireless transmission in 1899, since than many scholars and scientists have
been working to make his dream a reality.

1899: Tesla continues wireless power transmission research in

Colorado Springs and writes, "the inferiority of the induction method
would appear immense as compared with the disturbed charge of
ground and air method
1961: William C. Brown publishes an article exploring
possibilities of microwave power transmission

2009: Sony shows a wireless electrodynamics-induction powered TV

set, 60 W over 50 cm
 METHODS

Different methods of transmission proposed by different

scientist and scholars are:
1. Atmospheric conduction method of tesla
2. Microwave method
3. Laser method
 Atmospheric conduction method

In 1899 Sir NICOLAI TESLA and HEINRICH HERTZ

powered a fluorescent lamp keeping it 25 miles away from
source without using wire. Wireless power transmission
experiments at WARDEN CLYFFE High frequency current, of
a Tesla coil, could light lamps filled with gas (like neon). In
this method a closed circuit is made using transmitter, ionized
path between upper atmosphere and transmitter, second
ionized path connecting receiver. The circuit back to the
transmitter is completed through the earth .
Atmospheric conduction method
 Atmospheric conduction method

High potential is maintained at transmitter and receiver end

as well. A high potential transmitter transmits an
electromotive impulse through the ionized path to the
upper atmosphere where it ionizes the air, and this air
between the transmitter and receiver would conduct like a
neon tube .
 Atmospheric conduction method

CHARACTERSTICS:
High voltage and low current in atmospheric conductor
Terrestrial by high current and low voltage
Atmospheric plasma act as a transmission wire for the
flow of electrical energy
An entire atmospheric conduction system, each of the
transmitter-receiver stations serves, in a sense, as a lever
and a fulcrum that matches the impedance of heavy-
current power flowing through the terrestrial ground
path with the high-voltage power flowing through the
atmospheric path.
 LIMITATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC
METHOD

Economically challenging.

Periodic changes in atmospheric condition.

Maintaining high tower potential every time.

 ELECTRODYNAMIC INDUCTION
METHOD
The electrodynamics induction technique is near field
technique over range of 1/6th of wavelength transmitted.
It is irradiative in nature but still there are some
radioactive losses
Working is similar to transformer.
 LIMITATIONS

In RIC, tuning is very difficult.

High frequency signal should be supply which is

enough to ionize the air.
 PROPOSITION

We bring electromagnetic radiation into practice,

which uses far field technique in order to achieve
range into kilos, which includes two techniques:

LASERS

MICROWAVE
 LASER METHOD

In the case of electromagnetic radiation closer to visible

region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to 10s of nm),
power can be transmitted by converting electricity into
a laser beam that is then pointed at a solar cell receiver.
This mechanism is generally known as "power beaming"
because the power is beamed at a receiver that can convert
it to usable electrical energy.

OPTICAL FIBRE
TRANSFORMER
LASER

CURRENT CURRENT
 MICROWAVE METHOD

Power transmission via radio waves can be made more

directional, allowing longer distance power beaming, with
shorter wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, typically
in the microwave range. A rectenna may be used to
convert the microwave energy back into electricity.
Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding 95% have been
realized. Power beaming using microwaves has been
proposed for the transmission of energy from orbiting
solar power satellites to Earth.
 MICROWAVE METHOD

The principle of Evanescent Wave Coupling extends the

principle of Electromagnetic induction

This is where the resonance comes in and helps the

efficiency dramatically by tunnelling the magnetic field to
a receiver coil that resonates at the same frequency.
 PRACTICAL EXAMPLE

There is a project that was researched by former Cornell

students Lucas Jorgensen and Adam Culbertson in the
year 2008 which was based on the principle of evanescent
wave coupling method .
In which they have lighted a 40 W bulb by keeping
transmitter and receiver at distance of 50 cm
 CONSTRUCTION

Oscillator
Power amplifier
Transmitter coil
Receiver coil
Voltage rectifier
Load
 OSCILLATOR

The oscillator design that they utilized was a relaxation

oscillator using a single Operational amplifier .
This oscillator was a Square Wave Generator and could be
classified in the category as an astable multivibrator.
In the design of a Relaxation oscillator, as shown in the
figure below, they used a high speed Operational
amplifier, AD829, which had a very high frequency
response of 120 MHz
 OSCILLATOR

The non-inverting input at the

Op-Amp is biased at a voltage of
VOUT * R2 / (R2 + R1) and the
op-amp's output is saturated at
that particular voltage level.
Since the op-amp always attempts
to keep both its inverting and the
non-inverting inputs, V+ and V-
equal to each other, the feedback
causes the 20pFcapacitor to
charge and make the value of V-
T=2pi(rc)*ln(1+)/(1-)
equal to V+.
 RESULT OF AN OSCILLATOR

The figure below shows the signal output from the signal
generator at frequencies tuned by varying the resistance
using the 1K pot

At frequency range from 1.6 MHz 3.85

MHz, the signal was a square wave
 POWER AMPLIFIER

In order to generate the maximum amount of flux which

would induce the largest voltage on the receiving coil, a
large amount of current must be transferred into the
transmitting coil. The oscillator was not capable of
supplying the necessary current, thus the output signal
from the oscillator was passed through a power amplifier to
produce the necessary current.
The main idea behind the switch-mode Power Amplifier
technology is to operate a MOSFET in saturation so that
either voltage or current is switched on and off. The figure
below shows the circuit diagram of the switch-mode power
amplifier.
POWER AMPLIFIER
 TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER COIL

The transmitter and receiver circuit combined is called the

coupling circuit.

Transmitting Coil (with a Receiving Coil (with 2 loops of

loop antenna) antenna)
TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER COIL

Number of turn 10
TRANSMITTING COIL
Diameter of each turn 60.32cm

10
Number of turn
RECEIVING COIL
Diameter of coil 60.32cm
1
Number of turn
TRANSMITTING
ANTENNA 56.1cm
Diameter of coil

Receiving antenna Number of turn 2

Diameter of coil 44.6cm

 VOLTAGE RECTIFIER

A rectifier would be needed to rectify the AC voltage

received from the receiver coil to drive a DC load. A type of
circuit that produces an output waveform that generates an
output voltage which is purely DC or has some specified DC
component is a Full Wave Bridge Rectifier.
RESULT OF EXPERIMENT
 MERITS

Direct Wireless Power

 MERITS

Automatic Wireless Charging and wireless driving of

device .
 MERITS

Use of Microwave Power Transmission in Solar Power

Satellites (SPS)
 DEMERITS

When microwaves are used, interference may arise

When LASERS are used, conversion is inefficient due
to absorption losses.
It is radioactive in nature
Distance constraint , initial cost is high.
Field strength has to be under safety levels
In RIC, tuning is difficult
High frequency signals should be supplied for air
ionization which is not feasible.
LATEST INVENTION AND RESEARCH

WriTricity
LATEST INVENTION AND RESEARCH
Intels Demonstration
 FUTURE ASPECTS

Power-Generating Solar
Satellite Inhabitant

Third-Generation Wireless
Power
 CONCLUSION

Wireless power transmission of electrical power can be

considered as a large scope in electrical engineering for future
prospects of power generation and transfer. Solar power
satellites are the future of supplying non conventional energy.
The various methods and aspects regarding wireless
transmission of electrical power are discussed. The evolution
of the technology from the time of Tesla has been overviewed.