Chapter 12: (Static) Equilibrium and

Elasticity

Objects in static equilibrium dont move.

Of special interest to civil and mechanical engineers and architects.
Well also learn about elastic (reversible) deformations (rubber).
Plastic deformations are irreversible (like play dough)

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 1/21

12-2 Equilibrium

r r
Equilibrium P a constant and L= a constant

Static equilibrium two requirements: r r

(the constants are P 0 and L0
equal to zero)

unstable stable

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 2/21

12-3 Requirements of static equilibrium

1. The net force acting on the

particle must be zero.

F 0
2. The net torque about any axis
acting on the particle must be
zero.
0
3. The angular and linear speeds
must be zero.

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 3/21

12-3 Requirements of static equilibrium

Is this object in
static equilibrium?

A force couple is acting on an object. A

force couple is a pair of forces of equal
magnitude and opposite direction along
parallel lines of action

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 4/21

It matters at which point the
force is applied!!

If equal and opposite forces are applied at different points

object is not in equilibrium, since there is a net torque.
If equal and opposite forces are applied at the same point or along
theMar 26,axis
same 2017 Lecture
object is innotes by Dr. M.
equilibrium 5/21
Requirements of static equilibrium (in
x-y plane 2D)

1. The net force acting on the We restrict ourselves to

particle must be zero. forces in the x-y plane.
Thus:
F 0
Fx 0
2. The net torque about any axis
acting on the particle must be
zero. Fy 0
0
3. The angular and linear speeds z 0
must be zero.
Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 6/21
Checkpoint 12-1 The figure gives six overhead views of a uinform rod on
which two or more forces act perpendicular to the rod. If
the magnitudes of the forces are adjusted properly (but
kept nonzero), in which situations can the rod be in
static equilibrium?

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 7/21

12-4 The Center of Gravity (cog)

Consider an extended object.

- The gravitational force Fg always acts on the
center of gravity!
- The center of gravity (cog) is equal to the center
of mass (com).
xcog xcom
Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 8/21
Balanced rock

For this system to be in static equilibrium, the center of gravity must

be directly over the support point.
Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 9/21
Why??
Problem-solving hints:
Objects in static equilibrium
1. Draw a sketch of the problem
2. Select the object/system to which you will apply the laws of
equilibrium.
- Show and label all the external forces acting on the
system/object.
- Indicate where the forces are applied.
3. Establish a convenient coordinate system for forces. Then
apply condition 1: Net force must equals zero.
4. Establish a convenient coordinate system for torque. Then
apply condition 2: Net torque must equals zero.
Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 10/21
12-5 Some Examples of
Static Equilibrium
Sample Problem 12-1
A uniform beam, of length L and mass m = 1.8
kg, is at rest with its ends on two scales. A
uniform block, with mass M = 2.7 kg, is at rest
on the beam, with its center a distance L/4 from
the beam's left end. What do the scales read?

Fnet,y 0 Fl Fr Mg mg 0 L L L 1
Choose the rotation axis at the left end of the beam
r
net,o 0 (0)( Fl ) ( L / 4)( Mg ) ( L / 2)(mg ) ( L)( Fr ) 0
Fr 14 Mg 12 mg

14 (2.7 kg )(9.8 m / s2 ) 12 (1.8 kg )(9.8 m / s2 )

o 15.44 N 15 N
from (1) Fl ( M m) g Fr
(2.7 kg 1.8 kg )(9.8 m / s2 ) 15.44 N
28.66 N 29 N

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 11/21

Sample Problem 12-2 A ladder of length L = 12 m and mass m = 45 kg
leans against a slick (frictionless) wall. Its upper end
is at height h = 9.3 m above the pavement on which
the lower end rests (the pavement is not frictionless).
The ladder's center of mass is L/3 from the lower
end. A firefighter of mass M = 72 kg climbs the
ladder until her center of mass is L/2 from the lower
end. What then are the magnitudes of the forces on
the ladder from the wall and the pavement?
Choose the rotation axis at O

r
net,o 0 (h)( Fw ) (a / 2)( Mg ) (a /3)(mg ) (0)( Fpx ) (0)( Fpy ) 0

substitute a L2 h 2 7.58 m

Fw ga ( M / 2 m /3) (9.8 m / s )(7.58 m)(72/ 2 kg 45/3 kg )

2
407 N 410 N
h 9.3 m
Fnet,x 0 Fw Fpx 0 Fpx Fw 410 N

Fnet,y 0 Fpy ( M m) g (72 kg 45 kg )(9.8 m / s 2 ) 1146.6 N 1100 N

Note that Fpx is the static friction from the pavement. It may not be equal to the
Mar 26,
maximum 2017
value of s FLecture
py.
notes by Dr. M. 12/21
Sample Problem 12-3 A safe, of mass M = 430 kg, is hanging by a rope
from a boom with dimensions a = 1.9 m and b = 2.5
m. The boom consists of a hinged beam and a
horizontal cable that connects the beam to a wall.
The uniform beam has a mass m of 85 kg; the mass
of the cable and rope are negligible.
r
(a) What is the tension Tc in the cable? In other
words, what is the magnitude of the force Tc on
the beam from the cable?
Note that Tc is not equal to Tr . Take the rotation axis at O.

r
net,o 0 (a)(Tc ) (b)(Tr ) ( 12 b)(mg ) 0

g b ( M 12 m)
Since Tr = Mg, we have : Tc a

(9.8 m / s 2 )(2.5 m)(430 kg 85/ 2 kg )

1.9 m

6093 N 6100 N
Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 13/21
Sample Problem 12-3
Sample Problem 13-3 (b) Find the magnitude F of the net force on
the beam from the hinge.

Fnet,x 0 Fh Tc 0

Fh Tc 6093 N

Fnet,y 0 Fv mg Tr 0
Fv (m M ) g (85 kg 430 kg )(9.8 m / s 2 )

5047 N

F Fh2 Fv 2

(6093 N )2 (5047 N )2 7900 N

r
Note that the force F does not point along the beam.

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 14/21

12-7 Elastic properties of solids

Definitions of Stress and Strain.

Stress: Force per unit cross sectional area.
Strain: Measure of the degree of deformation.
These two quantities are related by the
following equation that defines the modulus of
elasticity: stress = modulus x strain

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 15/21

12-7 Elastic properties of solids
We will consider three types of deformations and define an
elastic modulus for each.
1. Change in length. YOUNGS MODULUS, E measures
the resistance of a solid to a change in its length.
2. Shearing. SHEAR MODULUS, G measures the
resistance to shearing.
3. Change in volume. BULK MODULUS, B measures the
resistance to changes in volume.

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 16/21

Youngs modulus, E

Tension or compression

Note the force F is

perpendicular to area A

Youngs modulus, E:
tensile stress F/A
E
tensile
Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M.L / L
strain 17/21
i
 Stress-strain curve

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 18/21

Shear modulus, G

Shear modulus, G:
shear stress F / A
G
shear strain x / h

Mar 26,Note
2017that Lecture
the forcenotes bythe
lies in Dr.plane
M. of the area 19/21
Bulk modulus, B

Hydraulic compression
or stress

Bulk modulus, B:

volume stress F/A P

B
volume strain V / Vi V / Vi
F/A=P is the fluid pressure!
Mar 26,Note
2017that Lecture
the forcenotes
acts by
all Dr. M. the body
around 20/21
Sample Problem 12-5 A steel rod has a radius R of 9.5 mm and a length L
of 81 cm. A 62 kN force stretches it along its
length. What are the stress on the rod and the
elongation and strain of the rod?

The area of the end face is R2

F F 6.2 x 104N
stress
A R 2 ( )(9.5 x 103 m)2

2.2 x 108 N / m2

( F / A) L (2.2 x 108 N / m2 )(0.81 m)

L 8.9 x 104 m 0.89 mm (Use E from table)
E 11
2.0 x 10 N / m 2

L 8.9 x 104 m
1.1 x 103 0.11 %
L 0.81 m

Mar 26, 2017 Lecture notes by Dr. M. 21/21