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Energi Gravitasi
Energi Gravitasi
Energi Gravitasi
John G. Cramer
Professor of Physics
B451 PAB
cramer@phys.washington.edu
A 1000 kg rocket is fired straight away from the surface of the Earth.
What speed does it need to escape from the gravitational pull of the
Earth and never return? (Assume a non-rotating Earth.)
GM E m
K 2 U 2 K1 U1 0 0 12 mv12
RE
2GM E
vescape 11, 200 m/s 25, 000 mph
RE
K 2 U 2 K1 U1
GM E M s GM E M s
1
M E v2 2 0
2
( RE RS ) r1
1 1
v2 2GM s 6.13 105 m/s
RE RS r1
M Em 1 2 M m
K f U f Ki U i 0G 2 mvi G E
rf RE
7.68 108 m -1
GM U g
v =
r m
K 12 U g
1 2 GM E m
E K U mv
2 r
GM E m mv 2 GM E
2
v
2
r r r
1 GM E GM E m GM E m
E m
2 r r 2r
GM E m
U Although derived for this particular case, this is a
r
general result, and is called the Virial Theorem. The
E 2U
1
factor of is a consequence of the inverse square law.
Black holes:
If an object is sufficiently massive
and sufficiently small, the escape speed
will equal or exceed the speed of light
light itself will not be able to escape the
surface.
This is a black hole.
This is called
gravitational lensing, and
many examples have been
found.
4
r3r3
M ' 3
M M 3
R
4
3
3
R
r GM ' G r 3 GMr GM r
ginside 2 r 2 M 3 r 3 r 3 r
r r R R R
m1 A1 r12 m m
2 so 21 22 and the forces cancel.
m2 A2 r2 r1 r2