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Chapter 3 - Semantic Processing - Speaking
Chapter 3 - Semantic Processing - Speaking
SEMANTIC
PROCESSING
Outline
Processes of Comprehension
The role of knowledge structures
Cognitive Understanding
Concept of knowledge activation
(Schemata)
Social understanding
The role of common ground
Process of inference
Process of inference during
comprehension
Processes of comprehension
Definition of comprehension =
structure building / construction integrati
on
A process of relating input to concepts
that are already active in ones memory an
d to familiar references in the real world.
Two roles
Speaker gives information (input).
Listener builds or construct comprehension.
Processes of
comprehension (cont.)
The speakers role in the process of
comprehension.
A clear concept of comprehension is from every
reference used by the speaker.
Speaker provides new or focal information
given or background information
The speaker will give presentation cues to the
listener.
It refers to the main stress
Ex. Shed been STANDing in the CAR park
Processes of
comprehension (cont.)
Listeners role in the
process of comprehension.
How does a listener build
or construct comprehensio
n?
Developing a cognitive map in
mind
Integrating the new information
which relates to previous inform
ation in mind
If it is unrelated, listener will
build new substructure.
Cognitive Understanding
In terms of cognitive understanding, to
active the knowledge for comprehension
, schemata is the key.
- Schema is a
network of
knowledge in
listeners
- Knowledgemind
consists
of memory nodes:
linguistic and non-
linguistic knowledge.
Cognitive Understanding(cont.)
Social understanding
In terms of social understanding, to
understand each other in a conversation,
social frameworks and affective element
s can affect the comprehension
VS
Process of inference during
comprehension (cont.)
1. Problem-solving during
comprehension
Inferences are problem-solving processes.
There are many types of inference.
Process of inference during
comprehension (cont.)