WINTER

HISTORY OF
EDUCATIONAL
Template
TECHNOLOGY

Johnson M A.
Blanco
 Educational Technology

Objectives:
To identify events and devices of the past
that contributed to the technological
revolution.
To examine the organizations and their
viewpoints that have shaped technology
use in the classroom today.
To prepare for the future in educational
technology by analyzing current trends
and advances.
Technology is commonly
thought of in terms of
gadgets, instruments,
machines and devices most
(educators) will defer to
technology as computers.
(Muffoletto, 1994)
The history of Educational
technology can be traced back
to the time when tribal priests
systemized bodies of knowledge,
and early cultures invented
pictographs or sign writing to
record and transmit information.
(Paul Saettler, 1990)
 History of Computers

In ancient Greece, the Elder

Sophist used the term techne to
refer the process of applying
knowledge systematically to the
practical art of instruction. They
formulated cognitive rules,
systematically analyzed subject
matter designed instructional
technologies and devised effective
instructional materials.
 During the Middle Age Advent
of Scholastic Philosophy, Pierre
Abelard introduced a technology of
instruction which was really a new
method of structuring and
presenting materials that helped set
the style of scholastic education.
 Comenius, Pestalozzi, Froebel,
Herbart and Montessori contributed their
own concept on educational technology
improving educative process.
John Amos Comenius was
recognized as the pioneer of modern
instructional technology by reason of his
book Orbis Pictus (The World in Picture)
which was illustrated textbooks for children
studying Latin & Sciences.
 Edward Thorndike and John
Dewey formulated scientific theory of
learning and the scientific method,
respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis
to the use of empirical investigation as
a basis for an organized process of
learning. On his part, Dewey
introduced a method of instruction in
terms scientific method in broad terms
 The 19th century paved in the
advent of effective technological
development including the production
of textbooks, use of blackboards and
improvements in writing implements
like pen and ink. Photography was
invented, giving a way to a movement
called Visual Instruction.
 Edward Thorndike and John
Dewey formulated scientific theory of
learning and the scientific method,
respectively. Thorndike gave emphasis
to the use of empirical investigation as
a basis for an organized process of
learning. On his part, Dewey
introduced a method of instruction in
terms scientific method in broad terms
 By 1920, visual media became
widely accepted. Then came the
publication of audio-visual media texts.
In 1926, educational films were
used as instructional media.
In 1927, Pressey wrote on
programmed learning through a machine
which tested and confirmi a learning
task.
 In 1932, the first instructional
television program was aired at the
State University of Iowa. About the
same time, the 16 mm sound
motion picture was developed and
this served as the educational
workhorse during the audio-visual
movement of the time.
 During World War II, the U.S.
government encouraged the
implementation of technology of
instruction for military training
programs. This gave impetus to a
system approach to instruction to
include: micro-teaching, individualized
instruction, Language laboratories,
behavioral laboratories, behavioral
objectives, computer assisted
instruction and among others
 During World War II, the U.S.
government encouraged the
implementation of technology of
instruction for military training
programs. This gave impetus to a
system approach to instruction to
include: micro-teaching, individualized
instruction, Language laboratories,
behavioral laboratories, behavioral
objectives, computer assisted
instruction and among others
Ancient Computing History

The Abacus
Mechanical aid used for
counting and making
quick calculations.

Still in
use
around
the
world.
Early Computing History
Pascaline
Blaise Pascal

Invented the first mechanical

calculator.

The Pascaline used cogs and

gears to solve math equations.
Mechanical Calculators
Jacquards Loom
Joseph Jacquard

First programmable
machine.
Used punched cards
(binary instructions) to
automate weaving loom.
Punched cards were a
staple of early and
modern computer
programming.
 Electronic Computer
Systems
First Generation:1943-
1956
Used vacuum tubes in
electronic circuits.
Used punch cards to input
and externally store data.
Up to 4K of memory.
Programming in machine
language and assembly
language.
Required a compiler.
 First Generation:
1943-1956

Electronic Numerical Integrator

and Calculator (ENIAC)

Worlds first electronic

digital computer.
Used to produce
WWII ballistic firing
tables for the U.S.
Defense Department.
 Second Generation: 1957-
1964

1956 IBM 350 RAMAC

Used transistors,
developed by Bell Labs.
Up to 32K of memory.
Programming in
computer languages,
such as FORTRAN and
COBOL.
Third Generation: 1965-1971

Used integrated
circuits.
Up to 3 million bytes
of memory.
Lower cost, smaller
size, and increasing
processor speed.
Fourth Generation: 1972-
Now
Microcomputers
Personal computers or PCs.
Usually cost about $2,000 or less.
Process over 1 billion operations per
second.
Stand-alone or connected
to other computers as a
network system.
TEA
 1990s
Connecting the World

Tim Berners-Lee
Developed HTML and the World Wide Web (WWW) was
born.
Marc Andreessen
An original developer of Mosaic, the
first browser software able to read
HTML.
Co-founder of Netscape
Communications.
 The 21st Century
Technologies of the Only recently focused on
Future computers.
Advanced robotics Internet current primary trend.
commonplace
Communication with
Smart houses
colleagues.
Wearable computers Lesson plan preparation.
Holodeck virtual reality Student resources.
Truly individualized Access research and best
education practices for teaching.
Source information: NCES 2000 Summer Issue
Our Definition:
A combination of the
processes and tools involved
in addressing educational
needs and problems, with an
emphasis on applying the
most current tools: computers
and their related
technologies.
(M. D. Roblyer,
 Modern Educational Technology History
Mainframe Computer Systems
First instructional use of computers was
as a flight simulator used to train pilots at
First use in public
MIT in 1950.
schools taught
New York
elementary
students binary
arithmetic in 1959.
Mainframe Computer Systems
Federal funds supported many large-scale projects
in mainframe computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
in schools, colleges, and universities through the
middle of 1970s.
Stanford University first multimedia learning
station, Course writer
Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching
Operations (PLATO)
BYU Time-shared Interactive Computer-
Controlled Information Television (TICCIT)
Mainframe Computer Systems

Designed to support personalized

mastery learning:
Individually Prescribed Instruction (IPI) -
University of Pittsburgh
Program for Learning in Accordance with
Needs (PLAN) - American Institutes of
Research
National Education Computing
Conference (NECC)

Created by mainframe programming

enthusiasts from universities nationwide.

First conference held in1979.

Today is the largest educational

technology conference in U.S. with
attendance of 10,000+ people.
Microcomputers in Education

Introduced in late 1970s.

Adopted by public school systems
during 1980s.
Apple II
Commodore PET
Radio Shack TRS - 80

Software!
Software
Early courseware developed for mainframes were provided by:
Large hardware manufacturers
Software systems companies
University development projects
New microcomputer software market driven primarily by
educators.

Minnesota Educational Computing

Consortium (MECC)
-Initially largest provider of educational
software.
-Funded by National Science Foundation.
MicroSift, EPIE
-Provided courseware evaluations.
Software
Authoring systems
Response to educators quest for input into
design of educational software.
Allowed educators to develop their own
courseware.
Authoring systems
Required extensive expertise.
Extended time commitment.
Expanded work investment.
Computer Literacy

Originally defined as programming skills

and tools such as word processing.

Todays world can only agree that the

term refers to skills that are constantly
changing.
Seymour Papert

Educational theorist mentored by

Jean Piaget.

Developed programming language

for young children based on
constructivist theory of education.

Raised national consciousness

about potential of technology to
change the educational system.
The Internet and the WWW

Biggest challenge for the public

educational system has been how
to prepare schools physically and
train teachers effectively for its use
in the classroom.
 Four Different Views
1. AECT
Audiovisual Media Communications.
Begun in 1923.
Initially centered on radio.
Quickly extended focus to include instructional film strips and
educational television.
Today, it includes global satellite broadcasting, two-way audio, and
visual communications.
Branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily
with the design and use of messages which control the learning
process.
(Saettler, 1990, p. 9)
Publications:
TechTrends
Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and
Technology
2. ISPI

Instructional systems approach based on Behaviorist theories

Systematic approach to designing, developing, and
delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.
(Heinich, Molenda, Russell, & Smaldino, 1997)

Publications:
-Performance Improvement Journal
-Performance Improvement Quarterly
3. ITEA

Industry trainers and vocational teachers.

Schools should prepare students for work
force Learning about technology as used in
the real world is essential.
Includes robotics, manufacturing systems,
computer-assisted design (CAD).

Publications:
-The Technology Teacher
-Technology and Children
-The Journal of Technology Education
4. ISTE
Primary focus encompassed both instructional and
support applications of computers.
Begun by trainers and educators who predicted that
computers would revolutionize education.
Influenced by technical personnel, such as programmers
and systems analysts.
National Educational Technology Standards for Students and
Teachers (NETS)

Publications:
-Learning and Leading with Technology (formerly The
Computing Teacher)
-Journal of Research on Computing in Education
 References

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EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
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Dr. Milagros L. Borabo

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