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Hypothesis: Presented To PROF - DR .Saraswathy Mam GCN Presented by Naveen Kumar C N 1st Year M SC (N)
Hypothesis: Presented To PROF - DR .Saraswathy Mam GCN Presented by Naveen Kumar C N 1st Year M SC (N)
Hypothesis: Presented To PROF - DR .Saraswathy Mam GCN Presented by Naveen Kumar C N 1st Year M SC (N)
PRESENTED TO
PROF.Dr .Saraswathy
mam PRESENTED BY
GCN
Naveen kumar C N
Hypothesis are single tentative guesses, good hunches assumed for use
in devising theory or planning experiments intended to be given a direct
experimental test when possible.
Eric Roger
OBSERVATION
CONTINUITY OF RESEARCH
Continuity of research in the same field itself is an important
source of hypothesis.
CLASSIFICATION
HYPOTHESIS
GENERAL STATISTICAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
DIRECTIONAL NON-DIRECTIONAL
HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS
SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS
A simple hypothesis concerns the relationship
between an independent & dependent variable.
It is non-directional by nature.
Example : There is no relationship between smoking & incidence of
coronary artery disease.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Research hypothesis states the expected relationship between
variables.
Directional
hypothesis is a statement is conjuncture
where the two variables of the study are expressed as
having some relationship in certain direction.
Expert
Deductions
opinions
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
(procedure)
Stating the hypothesis (Null or Research).
Setting the criteria for a decision.
Data collection.
Evaluate the null hypothesis(accept or reject
the null hypothesis, based on the results on
analysis)
FORMULATE AN ANALYSIS
PLAN
The analysis plan describes how to use sample data
to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Specification :
Significance level
Often researcher choose significance levels
equal to 0.01,0.05 or 0.1, but any value between
0 & 1 can be used.
Test Method :
Involves a test statistic & a sampling distribution.
If the test statistic probability is less than the
significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected.
ERRORS
Type i :
Occurs when the null hypothesis (Ho) is wrongly rejected.
Example : When the two drugs produce different effects when in fact there
was no difference between them.
Type ii :
Occurs when the null hypothesis (Ho) is not rejected when it is in fact false.
Example : When the two drugs produce the same effect, that is there is no
difference between the two drugs on average, when in fact they produce
different ones.
ASSUMPTIONS
INTRODUCTION
An assumption is a realistic expectation which is something that we
believe to be true.
However , no adequate evidence exists to support this belief.
It doesn't have empirical evidence to support.
Provide a basic to develop theories & research instrument & therefore
influence the development & implementation of research process.
Principles those are accepted as being true based on logic or reason, but
without proof or verification.
Statements that are considered true, even though they have not been
scientifically testing.
DEFINITION
It is any important fact presumed to be true but
not actually verified. It does not need testing,
unlike the hypothesis.
Gay
Example : That the interviewee answered the
interview questions accurately.
ASSUMPTIONS NEEDED TO
CONDUCT A RESEARCH
UNWARRANTED ASSUMPTION :
These are presented without any support of research findings.
Example : Mental diseases are cured by holistic healing.
LIMITATIONS
THEORITICAL LIMITATION :
Unrepresentative sample
Weak design
Single sitting
Limited control over extraneous variables
Poor implementation of treatment protocol
Research tool with limited reliability &
validity
Poor data collection procedure
Ineffective use of statistical analysis
Difference
ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS LIMITATIONS
Assumptions are basically Hypothesis is a predictions. Limitations are restricted.
belief and ideas that hold to
be true.
Assumptions are not Hypothesis are statistically Limitations cannot be tested
statistically tested in tested in research. statistically in research.
research
Beliefs about the variables Predictions about the Limitations points out
relationship of two or more strength and weakness of
variables the research.
Based on the belief , the Predicts relation between The limitation influence the
researcher attempts to variables and statistically interpretation of the finding
discover the correlation. tested to conclude the study. and thus reduces the
credibility of research
SUMMARY
A hypothesis is an explanation about the relationship between
the two variables (dependent & independent).
Research questions & hypothesis becomes sign post for
explaining the purpose of the study & guiding the research.
There are different types of hypothesis
Simple
Complex
Null hypothesis
Alternative
Research hypothesis can either be non-directional
or directional. There exists a hypothesis that is
opposite of the positively stated as null hypothesis.
Thus to conclude it would be fitting to say
hypothesis is perhaps the most powerful tool, man
has invented to achieve dependable knowledge.
Research findings of the investigation will either
support or fail to support the hypothesis.
If a theoretical, the theory is also supported in a descriptive study
hypothesis is not necessary, yet research questions are posed.
Assumptions and Limitations affect the inferences from the study.
Assumption generally refer to
Characteristics of the data.
Distributions
Correlation trends.
Variable type.
Violating these assumptions can lead to drastically invalid
results, though this often depends on sample size and other
considerations.
CONCLUSIONS
Hypothesis plays a vital role in the research process but still a question remains. Is a
hypothesis always necessary.
Most research that can be classified as descriptive proceeds without an explicit
hypothesis.
Descriptive research, i.e. research that aims predominantly at describing phenomena
rather than explaining them, is very common in the emerging field of nursing
research.
Examples of descriptive investigations include surveys of the health needs of elderly
citizens, studies of the coping patterns of mothers of handicapped children and
surveys of the nutritional status of low income pre-school children.
This type of study is often extremely important in laying a
foundation for later research.
When a field is new, it may be quite difficult to provide
adequate justification for the development of explanatory
hypothesis because of a dearth of facts or previous
findings. Thus, there are some studies of descriptive nature
for which hypothesis may not be required.
However, initial efforts to investigate phenomena are
usually strengthened by the formulations of hypothesis.
EXCERCISE
A study to assess pregnancy related problems and
practices adopted by primigravida women in a selected
clinic at Bangalore.
OBJECTIVE :
To identify the physiological and psychological problems
related to pregnancy.
To identify the practices adopted in antenatal women.
To find the association between the score of practice
adopted towards pregnancy related problems and selected
demographic variable.
ASSUMPTIONS :
The study assumes that :
Primigravid women experience problem during pregnancy.
Women will adopt some practice to reduce pregnancy related problems.
HYPOTHESIS :
Therewill be a significant association between scores practice adopted towards
pregnancy related problems and selected demographic variable.
A study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of lifestyle modification among
hypertensive patients at selected hospitals in Bangalore.
OBJECTIVES :
To assess the attitude of hypertensive patients regarding lifestyle modification.
To assess the knowledge of hypertensive patients regarding lifestyle modification.
To assess the practice of hypertensive patients regarding lifestyle modification.
To associate the knowledge of hypertensive patients with there demographic
variables(Age, Sex, Education, Occupation, Income, Family history, Diet pattern)
HYPOTHESIS :
H0-There is no significant relation ship between knowledge attitude and
practice regarding life style modification among hypertensive patients