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Basics of Engineering DWG Standards
Basics of Engineering DWG Standards
Basics of Engineering DWG Standards
Engineering Drawing
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1
What is Engineering Drawing?
Engineers Language
It is engineering language used to communicate within the
engineering community to express their thoughts (designs) &
get the product produced.
Assembly Drawings:
Assembly drawings are used to show the position and functional
relationship of parts in an assembly, also via multiview orthographic
projections.
Generally they have no dimensions on them.
Parts are 'balloon' identified and referenced to either detail drawing
numbers or catalog numbers, via a Bill of Materials (BOM)
Scales other than those above should only be used in exceptional circumstances (ensure that
sensible numbers are used, e.g. 1:2500, not 1:2384)
Check that the scale on the printed drawing is correct this is very important (measure it)
Different parts of the drawing may be to different scales state the main scale in the Title Block,
and other scales next to the relevant drawing part
Date
The date of the original drawing (later revisions will have their own date noted with the details of the
revision)
Location
Title Block should be in the bottom right-hand corner for easy searching of required drawing in a
collection of drawings
Notes should be vertically above, or horizontally to the left of the Title Block (Notes are not always
necessary)
100
20
Viewer
II I
Object
Viewer
III IV
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Angle of projections: Second Angle
Viewer
II I
Object
Viewer
III IV
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Angle of projections: Third Angle
Viewer
II I
Viewer
Object
III IV
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Angle of projections: Forth Angle
Viewer
II I
Viewer
Object
III IV
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TOP
A view of an object (actual or imagined) as it would be seen by an observer who looks at the object
either in a chosen direction or from a selected point of view. Pictorial sketches often are more
readily made and more clearly understood than are front, top, and side views of an object.
ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
AUXILIARY VIEWS
Auxiliary Views are used to accurately
depict features on Inclined Surfaces. If
there is no feature on the inclined surface,
there is no need to create an auxiliary view.
FULL SECTIONS
Full section views cut all the way
across the object.
Full Section Views can be placed
on the same page or on another
page.
The Cutting Plane and Arrows
always are displayed.
HALF SECTIONS
Half Section Views are used primarily on
symmetrically shaped objects (where
both halves are the same). They are a
great shortcut because you can depict
the inside and outside of the object all in
one view.
Half Section Views can be placed on the
same page or on another page.
If the view is displayed on another page,
the Cutting Plane and Arrows always are
displayed.
CONVENTIONAL BREAKS
Conventional Breaks are a way of depicting a very
long object without showing the entire length. It is
often used for objects like rods, tubing/piping or
wooden objects
More examples
An offset section results when you bend the cutting plane to show
internal features that are not in a straight line. The offsets or bends
in the cutting plane never show in the sectional view. Cutting plane
lines in an offset section appear as thick, dashed lines.
Machining Allowance
50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.012
Process (2000) (1000) (500) (250) (125) (63) (32) (16) (8) (4) (2) (1) (0.5)
Flame Cutting
Roughness Average
Snagging
Micrometers m
Sawing (Micro inches in.)
Planing, Shaping
Drilling
Chemical Milling
Elect. Discharge Mach.
Milling
Broaching
Reaming
Electron Beam
Laser
Electro-Chemical
Boring, Turning
Barrel Finishing
Electrolytic grinding
Roller Burnishing
50 25 12.5 6.3 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.012
Process (2000) (1000) (500) (250) (125) (63) (32) (16) (8) (4) (2) (1) (0.5)
Grinding
Honing
Electro-Polish
Polishing
Lapping
Superfinishing
Sand Casting
Hot Rolling
Forging
Perm Mold Casting
Investment Casting
Extruding Roughness Average
Cold Rolling, Drawing Micrometers m
Die Casting
(Micro inches in.)
General Notes
DRAWN IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME Y14.5M - 1994
REMOVE ALL BURRS AND SHARP EDGES
ALL FILLETS AND ROUNDS R .06 UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
Local Notes
4X 8.20
M10 X 1.25
82 CSK 10
1.5 X 45 CHAM
200
R 8.5
Of the four different arrowhead types that are authorized by the national
standard, ASME Y14.2M 1994, a filled arrowhead is the highest
preference.
1.75
There should be a
visible gap (~1.5 mm)
between the object lines
and the beginning of
each extension line. 1.06
Dimensions should be placed outside the actual part outline. Dimensions should not be placed within the part
boundaries unless greater clarity would result.
1.250
Arrows out / dimension in
When there is not enough room between the extension lines to accommodate either the dimension value or
the dimension lines they can be placed outside the extension lines as shown in the fourth example
Types of Dimensioning:
Parallel Dimensioning:
Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions
originating from one projection line.
Combined Dimensions:
A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel
dimensioning.
Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except for those dimensions specifically identified as reference,
maximum, minimum, or stock (commercial stock size). The tolerance may be applied directly to the
dimension (or indirectly in the case of basic dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located in a
supplementary block of the drawing format
Dimensioning and tolerance shall be complete so there is full understanding of the characteristics of each
feature. Neither scaling (measuring the size of a feature directly from an engineering drawing) nor
assumption of a distance or size is permitted
Each necessary dimension of an end product shall be shown. No more dimensions than those necessary
for complete definition shall be given. The use of reference dimensions on a drawing should be
minimized
Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating relationship of a part and shall
not be subject to more than one interpretation
Dimensions should be arranged to provide required information for optimum readability. Dimensions
should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible outlines
A 90o angle applies where center lines and lines depicting features are shown on a drawing
at right angles and no angle is specified
Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at 20C (68F). compensation may
be made for measurements made at other temperatures
All dimensions and tolerances apply in a free state condition. This principle does not apply
to non-rigid parts
2.250
Reference dimensions are used on drawings to
1.000 (.750) .500 provide support information only.
They are values that have been derived from other
.500 dimensions and therefore should not be used for
1.250 calculation, production or inspection of parts.
.500
The use of reference dimensions on drawings
should be minimized.
(.750)
Shorter (intermediate) dimensions are placed closest to the outline of the part, followed by dimensions of
greater length. Dimensions nearest the object outline should be at least .375 inches (10 mm) away from the
object, and succeeding parallel dimension lines should be at least .250 inches (6 mm) apart.
.250 (6mm)
4.375
Minimum Spacing
1.438 1.250
.375 (10mm)
Minimum Spacing
1.000
1.875
1.062
.688
2.312
1.438 1.250
1.000
1.875
.688 1.062
2.312
1.438 1.250
In-line dimensions can share
arrowheads with contiguous
dimensions
1.000
1.875
1.062
.688
2.312
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Diameter Dimensions Holes and cutouts
.250
.62
.250
1.375 x .62 DP
1.25
.75
2.00
18 18
3X .562
6X .188 3.50
.875
18 18
18 18
R.312
R14.25
R.750 R.312
R.562
92
92
Length of Chord
35 90
or
103
Length of Arc
2 x 45
2 x 45
or or
2 x 2 CHAM
50 63
63
Alternate
Chamfers
95
8X .250 THRU
The X symbol can also be used to
indicate the word by. For instance,
when a slot that has a given width by
a specified length, or a chamfer that
has equal sides (.12 X .12).
When used to imply the word by, a
space must precede and follow the X
symbol.
If the same feature is repeated on
.12 X 45 the drawing (such as 8 holes of the
CHAMFER same diameter and in a specified
pattern), the number of times the
instruction applies is called out using
the symbol X.
.375
CSK .562 X 82
90 12
12.5 50 2x 12 THRU
32
Specify reaming if
accuracy/finish is 25
important.
90 12
.625
.375
.625
OR .375
* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.
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ASME/ANSI Countersink Symbol
.375
.562 X 90
* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.
EXAMPLE
.312
.375
.562 .312
.562 .375
OR
* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.
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Counter bores and Countersinks ISO Standard
2x
12.5 50 8.8 THRU
32 14 C BORE x 8.2 DP
90 12
2x
50
12.5 8.8 THRU
32 15 C SUNK X 90
Flat Head
25
90 12
M 16 x 2 - 4h - 5H
Class of fit
ISO metric of mating thread (optional)
Nominal
designation Diameter Thread Class of fit
(mm) Pitch(mm) of this thread
(optional)
3 Holes
10.3x 25 DP
'A' M12x1.75 x 15 DP MIN
Base EQ SP on 120 PD
Detail
Section 'A'-'A'
'A'
Section 'A'-'A'
'A'
Nominal Size: is the size used for general identification, not the exact
size.
General Tolerances:
In ISO metric, general tolerances are specified in a note, usually in the
title block, typically of the form: "General tolerances .25 unless
otherwise stated".
Specific tolerances are placed on the drawing with the dimension and have
traditionally been expressed in a number of ways:
+0.05 40.05
40 - 0.03 40.01 +0.04
39.97
An assembly working drawing includes all the necessary information for producing a
machine or structure on one drawing. This requires providing adequate orthographic
views together with dimensions.
The bill of material is a tabulated list placed either on the assembly drawing or on a
separate sheet. The list gives the part numbers, names, quantities, material and
sometimes stock sizes of raw material, detail drawing number, etc. The term "bill of
material" is usually used in structural and architectural drawing whereas the term "part
list" is used in machine-drawing practice.
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Assembly Drawing
Internal Parts
If there are internal assemblies, sectional views should be used.
Parts list
Each part is given a unique number, indicated on the drawing by a circle with the number in it and a leader
line pointing to the part. The leader line terminates in an arrow if the line touches the edge of the component,
or in a circle if the line terminates inside the part.
A table of parts should be added to the drawing to identify each part, an example of a parts list is shown
below:
The first three items; Item No., Description, and Quantity should be completed for every distinct part on your
drawing. (i.e. the number of duplicate parts are recorded in the quantity). The material is used for
components that are being made within the company. The Remarks column is useful for specifying a
manufacturers part number when using bought-in parts.
Isometric View
Formed View Flat View
Forging
Forging is the working of metal by plastic deformation. It is distinguished from machining, the shaping of
metal by removing material, such as by drilling, sawing, milling, turning or grinding, and from casting,
wherein metal in its molten state is poured into a mold, whose form it retains on solidifying. The
processes of raising, sinking, rolling, swaging, drawing and upsetting are essentially forging operations
although they are not commonly so called because of the special techniques and tooling they require.
Forging results in metal that is stronger than cast or machined metal parts. This is because during forging
the metal's grain flow changes into the shape of the part, making it stronger. Some modern parts require
a specific grain flow to ensure the strength and reliability of the part.
Usage of standards
These standards are used in all engineering streams, Mechanical, Civil, Chemical,
Automobile, electronics, etc
Types of standards
Drawing standards, welding standards, safety standards, construction standards,
etc
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Standards Organizations
Scope of work
Creating standards
Standards publication
Training about standards
Assessment & certification
Product testing
DIN standards:
Standards by Germany widely followed across Europe Japan and America.
GD&T Standards
Drawings and Terminology
Measurement standards
Tooling Standards
Welding standards
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Standards
Hydraulics Standards
Aerospace Standards
Manufacturing standards
Automobile Standards