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Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and The Austrian Practice
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) and The Austrian Practice
Seminar
Horsens / Denmark, 11th September 2008
M. AUGUSTIN
Institute for Timber Engineering and Wood Technology
Graz University of Technology
Cross Laminated Timber
Basic idea and Product
5-layered CLT-element
C r o s s L a m in a te d T im b e r (C L T ) - E le m e n t
C o m p o s ite o f lo n g itu d in a l a n d t r a n s v e r s a l L o n g itu d in a l la y e r s
u s u a lly C 2 4 o r C 3 0
s in g le la y e r s
G lu in g o f th e w h o le s in g le
la y e r w ith a n a p p r o v e d
T r a n s v e r s a l la y e r s a d h e s iv e
u s u a lly > C 1 6 ( u p to C 3 0 )
T h ic k n e s s o f th e e le m e n t:
42 m m - 500 m m
CLT
Production volume
Production volume:
2008 About 400.000 m (+52 %)
To high amount for the market
Price will decrease (about 20 % in
the next three years)
AREA 1_SSTC
MODULE 1 MODULE 3
MODULE 2 MODULE 4
Limit states
Subproject Subproject
Load carrying capacity Creep
(for elements loaded as plates and panels)
Further tests:
Properties perpendicular to grain Vibration properties of CLT-floors
CLT
in standards
Eurocode 1995-1-1
Currently no proposals for the verification of CLT-elements
The development of an European standard is initiated by the Austrian Standardisation
Organisation (ON).
DIN 1052-2004.08
A verification procedere is given in this standard
t m
Verification of stresses on each single layer: 1
ft ,d fm,d
t
m m
h
ht
t m
h
5 5 ht t 5 2t
t m m m m
t m 3 3 h
3 3 h h 1
3 fm,d fm,d fm,d fm,d
fm,d
5
-35%
5 2t
m 23 m
3 3 h 15 m
1
fm,d fm,d 0,65 fm,d
Subproject
Load carrying capacity of CLT in bending
Method
COVt = 39,4 %
Test
results
45,00 18,0%
16,1% 39,0 39,4
40,00 16,0%
37,2 37,3
35,00 14,0%
14,4% 12,5%
30,00 12,0%
fm,c,mean [N/mm]
COV [%]
25,00 10,0%
20,00 8,0%
5 # series 4u fm,g,mean = 42,4 N/mm 7,6%
15,00 COV = 9,5 % 6,0%
0,00 0,0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of lamellas in the outer layers mean value
COV
5 % - quantile values
and system factor for CLT
30,00
1,14
ksys,CLT
1,15
29,00
28,00 1,10
27,3 1,09 1,1
27,00
1,05
26,00
1,00
25,00 1,00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
5% fractile
Number of lamellas in the outer layers system effect
proposal ksys
Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending
0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending
0,1 0,1
600 600
kh 1,18
h 110
0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending
0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending
k sys, 4 1,1
0,8
fm,c ,k , 4 k sys kCLT / GLT k h a ft ,0,l ,k
Load carrying model
for CLT loaded in bending
kh
a
ksys kCLT/GLT (h = 110 mm, ft,0,l,05
(COVt = 39,4 %)
b = 110 mm)
fm,c,05,=4 fm,c,05,4
ft,0,l,05 COVt
test results calculated
[N/mm] [%] [N/mm] [N/mm]
Specifications in
technical approvals
m,d
1
k l fm,d
Comparison of
verification approvals
C 24 C 40
t ,d m,d ft,0,l,k = 14,0 ft,0,l,k = 24,0
1
ft ,d fm,d
DIN 1052
COV = 35 % COV = 25 %
m,d m,d
1 15,6 26,0
0,65 fm,d kmod 0,65 f
0,65fm,k 0,65fm,k
M m,k
Proposal TUG
m,d m,d
1 29,0 38,3
M
fm,c,d kmod a f
CLT t ,0,l ,k
0, 8 1,21fm,k 0,96fm,k
Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending
M Ei V Seff
z z z
Ieff E Ieff b
Ieff Seff
Determination of deformations of
CLT-elements loaded in bending
Determination of deformations 1 1
for CLT
w ges
E Ieff MMds Aeff ,G
VVds
G
40%
isotrop
35%
Ratio w V / w ges
30%
plate
beam
25% spruce
20%
15% CLT
10% 5-layered
5%
0%
10 15 20 25 30 35
Ieff Ratio
Seff l / h AG,eff k
Determination of stresses in
CLT-elements loaded in bending
Ei Ei
Ieff Ii Ai ei 2
E E
Number of
layers
E90 0 E90 0
3
b h 1 E b h3 26
3 26 1 90
12 27 E0 12 27
b h3 1 E90 b h3 99
5 99 26
12 125 E0 12 125
b h3 1 E90 b h3 244
7 244 99
12 343 E0 12 343
Ei
Seff Ai es,i
E
Number of
layers
E90 0 E90 0
b h 2 1 E90 b h 2 8
3 8 1
8 9 E0 8 9
b h 2 1 E90 b h 2 17
5 17 8
8 25 E0 8 25
b h 2 1 E b h 2 32
7 32 17 90
8 49 E0 8 49
Gi G090
Number of Aeff ,G Ai 10
layers G G9090
1 G9090 2,1
3 b h 2 1 b h
3 G090 3
1 G9090 3,2
5 b h 3 2 b h
5 G090 5
1 G 4,3
7 b h 4 3 9090 b h
7 G090 7
1 1
w ges
E Ieff MMds Aeff ,G VVds
G
Shear correction factor for CLT cross sections with
consideration of the material values in accord. to DIN 1052
6
Shear correction factor
4,87
4,8
4,11
3,88 3,78 3,73 3,70
3,6
2,4
1,20
1,2
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
Number of layers n
EN 338 C 24 C 30
Material (all strength- (in accord. with the (in accord. with the
properties classes) 1) approvals) 2) approvals) 2)
- without openings
u/a=0.067
60 mm
practical range
0.29
u a
- with openings
Creep behaviour of
CLT-elements
SC 1 0,85
D r u c k - E la s tiz it ts m o d u l q u e r z u r F a s e r
S c h ic h td ic k e n B o x - P lo ts d e r w r fe l-
700 E c ,9 0 ,m e a n a u s [1 0 ]
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
E c ,9 0 ,k a u s [1 0 ] B o x - P lo ts d e r b r e tt-
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
600
V e r la u f d e r M it t e lw e r t e
V e r la u f d e r 5 % - Q u a n tilw e r te
D
500 C h a r a k te r is tis c h e W e r t e
[N /m m ]
400
C D
300
A B C
E E
200 A
B
100
10 22 29 40 50 67 90
D ic k e d e r b r e t t f r m ig e n b z w . d e r E in z e lla g e n d e r w r f e lf r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r [ m m ]
f c ,9 0 ,k a u s [ 1 0 ] B o x - P lo ts d e r b r e tt-
f r m ig e n P r o b e k r p e r
6 ,0
Test setup:
V e r la u f d e r M itte lw e r te
V e r la u f d e r 5 % - Q u a n tilw e r te
5 ,0 C h a r a k t e r is t is c h e W e r t e
[N /m m ]
3 ,0
different number of layers, 2 ,0