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    Eigenvalue Problems

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    Umah Meer
    The document provides a history of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, describing their origins and developments over time. It discusses how eigenvalues were initially studied in the contexts of linear algebra, matrix theory, and differential equations. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists like Euler, Cauchy, Fourier, and Liouville expanded understanding of eigenvalues. In the 20th century, Hilbert viewed operators as infinite matrices and Heisenberg coined the term "eigenvalue". The document also gives examples of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in applications such as quantum mechanics, molecular orbitals, geology, and glaciology.

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    Eigenvalue Problems

    Uploaded by

    Umah Meer
    86 views17 pages
    The document provides a history of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, describing their origins and developments over time. It discusses how eigenvalues were initially studied in the contexts of linear algebra, matrix theory, and differential equations. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists like Euler, Cauchy, Fourier, and Liouville expanded understanding of eigenvalues. In the 20th century, Hilbert viewed operators as infinite matrices and Heisenberg coined the term "eigenvalue". The document also gives examples of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in applications such as quantum mechanics, molecular orbitals, geology, and glaciology.

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    solution to some problems

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    The document provides a history of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, describing their origins and developments over time. It discusses how eigenvalues were initially studied in the contexts of linear algebra, matrix theory, and differential equations. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists like Euler, Cauchy, Fourier, and Liouville expanded understanding of eigenvalues. In the 20th century, Hilbert viewed operators as infinite matrices and Heisenberg coined the term "eigenvalue". The document also gives examples of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in applications such as quantum mechanics, molecular orbitals, geology, and glaciology.

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    86 views17 pages

    Eigenvalue Problems

    Uploaded by

    Umah Meer
    The document provides a history of eigenvalues and eigenvectors, describing their origins and developments over time. It discusses how eigenvalues were initially studied in the contexts of linear algebra, matrix theory, and differential equations. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists like Euler, Cauchy, Fourier, and Liouville expanded understanding of eigenvalues. In the 20th century, Hilbert viewed operators as infinite matrices and Heisenberg coined the term "eigenvalue". The document also gives examples of eigenvalues and eigenvectors in applications such as quantum mechanics, molecular orbitals, geology, and glaciology.

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    of 17

    EIGENVALU

    E
    PROBLEMS
    HISTORY
    Eigenvalues are often introduced in the context oflinear
    algebraormatrix theory.

    Study ofquadratic formsanddifferential equations.

    In the 18th centuryEulerstudied the rotational motion of arigid


    body and discovered the importance of theprincipal axes.

    In the early 19th century,Cauchysaw how their work could be


    used to classify thequadric surfaces, and generalized it to
    arbitrary dimensions.

    Cauchy also coined the termracine caractristique(characteristic


    root) for what is now calledeigenvalue.
    Fourierused the work of Laplace and Lagrange to solve theheat
    equation byseparation of variables.

    Clebschfound the corresponding result forskew-symmetric


    matrices.

    Weierstrassclarified an important aspect in thestability


    theorystarted by Laplace by realizing thatdefective matricescan
    cause instability.

    Liouvillestudied eigenvalue problems similar to those of Sturm;


    the discipline that grew out of their work is now calledSturm
    Liouville theory.

    Schwarzstudied the first eigenvalue ofLaplace's equationon


    general domains towards the end of the 19th century,
    whilePoincarstudiedPoisson's equation.
    In the 20th century,Hilbertstudied the eigenvalues ofintegral
    operatorsby viewing the operators as infinite matrices.

    He was the first to use theGermanwordeigento denote


    eigenvalues and eigenvectors in 1904.

    First numerical algorithm for computing eigenvalues and


    eigenvectors appeared in 1929.

    Von Misespublished thepower method.

    QR algorithm the most popular method today, was proposed


    independently byJohn G.F. FrancisandVera Kublanovskayain
    1961.
    GEOMETRIC
    TRANSFORMA
    TIONS
    UNEQUAL HORIZONTAL HYPERBOLIC
    SCALLIN ROTATION
    SCALLING SHEAR ROTATION
    G

    ILLUSTRATION

    MATRIX

    CHARACTERISTIC
    POLYNOMIAL

    EIGENVALUES

    ALGEBRIC MULTIPL.

    GEOMETRIC
    MULTIPL.

    EIGENVECTORS All non-


    zero
    SCHRDINGER
    EQUATION
    Thewave functionsassociated with thebound
    statesof anelectronin ahydrogen atomcan be
    seen as the eigenvectors of thehydrogen atom
    Hamiltonian as well as of theangular momentum
    operator.
    They are associated with eigenvalues interpreted
    as their energies (increasing downward)
    andangular momentum (increasing across: s, p,
    d, ...).
    The illustration shows the square of the absolute
    value of the wave functions.
    Brighter areas correspond to higherprobability
    density for a positionmeasurement.
    The center of each figure is theatomic nucleus,
    aproton.
    EXAMPLE OF EIGENVALUE EQUATION

    theHamiltonian, is a second-orderdifferential operator.

    thewave function, is one of its Eigen functions


    corresponding to the eigenvalue.

    interpreted as itsenergy.
    MOLECULAR
    ORBITALS
    Inquantum mechanics, and in particular
    inatomicandmolecular physics, within
    theHartreeFocktheory.

    Theatomicand molecular orbitalscan be


    defined by the eigenvectors of theFock
    operator.

    The corresponding eigenvalues are


    interpreted potentialsviaKoopmans'
    theorem.

    The term eigenvector is used in a


    somewhat more general meaning, since
    the Fock operator is explicitly dependent
    on the orbitals and their eigenvalues.
    If one wants to underline this aspect one speaks of nonlinear eigenvalue problem.

    Such equations are usually solved by aniterationprocedure, called in this


    caseself-consistent fieldmethod.

    Inquantum chemistry, one often represents the HartreeFock equation in a non-


    orthogonalbasis set.

    This particular representation is ageneralized eigenvalue


    problemcalledRoothaan equations.
    GEOLOGY &
    GLACIOLOGY
    Eigenvectors and eigenvalues are used as a method by
    which a mass of information of a clast fabric's constituents'
    orientation and dip can be summarized in a 3-D space by six
    numbers.
    A geologist may collect such data for hundreds or thousands
    ofclastsin a soil sample, which can only be compared
    graphically.
    Such as in a Tri-Plot (Sneed and Folk) diagram, or as a Stereo
    net on a Wulff Net.
    The output for the orientation tensor is in the three
    orthogonal (perpendicular) axes of space.
    Three eigenvectors are ordered

    By their eigenvalues

    three eigenvectors are ordered


    Then is the primary orientation/dip of
    clast.
    is the secondary
    is the tertiary, in terms of
    strength.
    THANK

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