TUNNELING

METHODS
BY

DEEPAK JAISWAL
MOHAMMAD SAL
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS OF TUNNEL

MAIN PURPOSES

PROCEDURES INVOLVED

METHODS OF TUNELLING

METHOD TO SELECTION

THE OTHER SIDE

INTRODUCTION
Atunnelis an underground passageway,
completely enclosed except for openings for
egress, commonly at each end.

A tunnel may be for road traffic,road

traffic,canal,hydroelectric station,sewer etc.

TheDelaware Aqueductin New YorkUSAis

the longest tunnel, of any type, in the world at
137km (85mi)
REQUIRMENTS OF
TUNNEL
IT IS VERY USEFUL WHERE BRIDGE FAIL TO
FULFILL REQUIRMENTS LIKE IN SEA ,IN URBAN
AREA ,AND IN MOUNTAINS.

EFFICIENT COPARED TO BRIDGES.

IN WAR TIME IT IS MUCH DIFFICULT TO

DESTROY A TUNNEL BUT DESTRUCTION OF
BRIDGE IS TOO EASY.

LOTS OF LAND AND TIME IS SAVED.

MAIN PURPOSES
1.IN ROAD TRAFFICS
2.IN SEWERS
3.IN MININGS
4.IN RAIL TRAFFICS
5.IN HYDROELECTRIC
STATIONS etc.
 The process for bored tunnelling
involves all or some of the following
operations:
Probe drilling (when needed)
Grouting (when needed)

Excavation (or blasting)

Supporting

Transportation of muck

Lining or coating/sealing

Draining

Ventilation
PROBE DRILLING
This type of drilling is done in order to
find out suitable method for drilling .

It
consist of drilling in sample, by various
method to find most suitable .

It
is necessary part of all drilling
operation .
GROUTING
It
is the process of providing additional
support to drilled mine.

Itis done by a liquid called grout ,consist

of water ,cement ,color tint and sometime
fine gravel .

Good surface is achieved .

 EXCAVATION
Excavation is the digging and recording of
artifacts at an archaeological site.

It
is necessary to know the archaeological
importance of a site before digging .

This is performed by experts in a scientific way.

Many governments grants permission for

tunneling after finding a go certificate in
excavation.
SUPPORTING
Afterinitial mining , tunnel need supports
for further processing .

For
the sake of life a perfect planning is
needed for support.

In
ancient time timber and masonry were the
main methods.

Today support is provided by injecting final

pipe or building it completely before further
tunneling
 TRANSPORTATION OF MUCK
Inancient time transportation was done
by steam engine and by Manual transport.

Todayit is done by modern methods and

process is automatic .

TBMs are also come with proper

arrangment for the transport of muck.
LINING OR COATING
Liningof proper material is done by
modern methods like polishing ,painting
to prevent wear and tear and corrosion.

Very
necessary part where corrosive
metals are being used.
 DRAINING
Draining is the process to remove the
water or other liquid from working site .

Very important where water level is very

high.

Pumps and pipes are used for this

purpose.
VENTILATION
Proper ventilation is required for safety of
workers.

This is done by proper checking of oxygen

and other parameters .

Proper installations for exit of hazardous

gasses coming out from tunneling .
tunnel construction methods:
Classical methods
Cut-and-cover
Drill and blast
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
Immersed tunnels
Tunnel jacking
Other methods .
 Classical Methods
Among the classical methods are the
Belgian, English, German, Austrian,
Italian and American systems. These
methods had much in common with
early mining methods and were used
until last half of the 19th century.
Excavation was done by hand or simple
drilling equipment.
Supports were predominantly timber,
and transportation of muck was done
on cars on narrow gauge tracks and
powered by steam.
Progress was typically in multiple
stages i.e. progress in one drift, then
support, then drift in another drift, and
so on.
The lining would be of brickwork.
These craft-based methods are no
longer applicable, although some of
their principles have been used in
combination up to present day.
Nevertheless some of the worlds great
The English method (crown-bar
method, figure left) started from
a central top heading which
allowed two timber crown bars to
be hoisted into place, the rear
ends supported on a completed
length of lining, the forward ends
propped within the central
heading. Development of the
heading then allowed additional
bars to be erected around the
perimeter of the face with boards
between each pair to exclude the
ground. The system is
economical in timber, permits
construction of the arch of the
tunnel in full-face excavation,
and is tolerant of a wide variety
of ground conditions, but
depends on relatively low ground
 The Austrian (cross-bar)
method required a strongly
constructed central bottom
heading upon which a crown
heading was constructed. The
timbering for full-face
excavation was then heavily
braced against the central
headings, with longitudinal
poling boards built on timber
bars carried on each frame of
timbering. As the lining
advanced, so was the timbering
propped against each length to
maintain stability. The method
was capable of withstanding
high ground pressures but had
high demand for timber.
 The German method (core-leaving method) provided a series of
box headings within which the successive sections of the side walls
of the tunnel were built from the footing upwards, thus a forerunner
of the system of multiple drifts. The method depends on the central
dumpling being able to resists without excessive movement pressure
transmitted from the side walls, in providing support to the top 'key'
heading prior to completion of the arch and to ensuring stability
while the invert arch is extended in sections.

The Belgian system (underpinning or flying arch method) started

from the construction of a top heading, propped approximately to
the level of the springing of the arch for a horseshoe tunnel. This
heading was then extended to each side to permit construction of
the upper part of the arch, which was extended by under- pinning,
working from side headings. The system was only practicable where
rock loads were not heavy.

The first sizeable tunnel in soft ground was the Tronquoy tunnel on
the St Quentin canal in France in 1803, where the method of
construction, based on the use of successive headings to construct
sections of the arch starting from the footing, was a forerunner to
the German system described above.
ROAD HEADERS
CUT AND COVER METHOD
 CUT & COVER METHOD
The principal problem to be solved in connection with
this construction method is to how to maintain surface
traffic, with the least disturbance during the
construction period. One method is to restrict traffic to a
reduced street width, another to direct traffic to a
bypassing street.
Another way of supporting the sidewalls of open trenches
is to substitute sheet-pile walls by concrete curtain walls
cast under bentonite slurry (ICOS method), and using
steel struts. This is especially a requisite in narrower
streets trimmed with old sensitive buildings with their
foundation plane well above the bottom level of the pit.
This type of trench wall becomes a requirement for
maintenance of surface traffic due to the anticipation of
vibration effects potentially harmful to the stability of
buildings with foundations lying on cohesionless soils.
DRILL AND

BLAST
1.Before the advent of
tunnel boring machines,drilling and
blastingwas the only economical way of
excavating longtunnelsthrough hard
rock, where digging is not possible.

2.Even today, the method is still used in

the construction of tunnels.
HOW DRILL AND BLAST IS BEING DONE.
MECHANICAL DRILLING AND CUTTING-
CRUSHING STRENGTH OF ROCK
TBM
In
various size Tunnel Boring
Machines(TBM) are used for drilling a
vast type of tunnels .

Transportation of muck , supporting and

all other actions are done automatically.

Veryuseful in boring tunnel where all

other methods fail.

A main method in use in now a days.

IMMERSED TUNNELS
1.THIS TYPE OF TUNNELS ARE
PARTLY OR WHOLLY ARE
UNDERWATWER.

2.THEY DO NOT BLOCK THE

ROOT FOR SHIPS SO THERE IS
NO PROBLEM OF
CONGESSION OF TRAFFIC AS
IN CASE OF BRIDGES OVER
RIVERS OR SEAS.
TUNNEL JACKING
1.IT IS A PROCESS TO MAKE
TUNNELS IN ALREADY
EXISTING BOADIES SUCH AS
ROADS ,RAILWAYS.

2.IN THIS METHOD ESPECIALLY

MADE PIPES ARE PUSHED BY A
HYDRAULIC RAM IN GROUND .

3.MAXIMUM DIAMETER OF
TUNNEL BY THIS METHOD IS
AROUND 2.4 METER.
The choice of tunnelling
method may be dictated by:
geological and hydrological conditions,
cross-section and length of continuous tunnel,

local experience and time/cost considerations (what is

the value of time in the project),
limits of surface disturbance, and many others factors.

Tunnel methods .

Required speed of construction.

Shape of tunnel.

Managing the risk of variations in ground quality

 THE OTHER SIDE
Besideof many security measures ,
tunnelling is still not full proof.

Failureof automatic system will cause

deadly results as depicted in Hollywood
flick Die Hard 4.0.

Highcost than bridges , but more fruitful

from previous.
 .

.
QUERIES PLEASE !!!!