Introduction

Ultrasonic testing(UT)isafamilyofNDTtechniques
basedonthepropagationofULTRASONICwavesinthe
objectormaterialtested.InmostcommonUTapplications,
veryshortultrasonicpulse-waveswithcenterfrequencies
rangingfrom0.1-15MHz,andoccasionallyupto50MHz,
aretransmittedintomaterialstodetectinternalflawsorto
characterizematerials.Acommonexampleisultrasonic
thicknessmeasurement,whichteststhethicknessofthe
testobject,forexample,tomonitorpipeworkcorrosion.
 Ultra sonic flaw detection

Flaw detection is the most commonly used technique among all the applications of industrial ultrasonic testing.
Generally, sound waves of high frequency are reflected from flaws and generate clear echo patterns.
Portable instruments record and display these echo patterns. Ultrasonic testing is a safe testing method that is
widely used in various service industries and production process, particularly in applications where welds and
structural metals are used.
 Fundamental Theory

Sound waves are mechanical vibrations that pass

through a medium such as liquid, solid or gas. These
waves pass through a medium at a particular velocity in
an expected direction. When these waves bump into a
boundary having a different medium, they are
transmitted back. This is the principle behind ultrasonic
flaw detection.
Procedure of Ultrasonic Flaw Detection

A trained operator can identify particular echo patterns

related to the echo response from representative flaws
and good parts. This can be done by utilizing correct
reference standards and accepted test procedures along
with a good knowledge of sound wave propagation. Two
calibration standards such as straight beam testing and
angle beam testing are used in ultrasonic flaw detection.
The latter technique is commonly used in weld
inspection
 Two Types Of Methods

I. Straight beam

II. Angle beam inspection

 Conclusion
Ultrasonic flaw detection is a comparative method.
Although some analog-based flaw detectors are still being
produced, most modern instruments employ digital signal
processing to promote enhanced stability and accuracy.