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Magnetic Properties
Magnetic Properties
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
What are the important magnetic properties?
Chapter 21 - 1
Generation of a Magnetic Field -
Vacuum
Created by current through a coil:
B0 N = total number of turns
= length of each turn (m)
I = current (ampere)
H H = applied magnetic field (ampere-turns/m)
B0 = magnetic flux density in a vacuum
I
(tesla)
Chapter 21 - 3
Generation of a Magnetic Field -
within a Solid Material (cont.)
Magnetization M = mH
Magnetic susceptibility
(dimensionless)
B in terms of H and M B = 0H + 0M
Combining the above two equations:
B = 0H + 0 mH
B m > 0 = (1 + m)0H
vacuum m = 0 permeability of a vacuum:
(1.26 x 10-6 Henry/m)
m < 0 m is a measure of a materials
magnetic response relative to a
H vacuum
Chapter 21 - 4
Origins of Magnetic Moments
Magnetic moments arise from electron motions and the
spins on electrons.
magnetic moments
electron electron
H (ampere-turns/m)
Chapter 21 - 6
Magnetic Responses for 4 Types
No Applied Applied
Magnetic Field (H = 0) Magnetic Field (H)
opposing
(1) diamagnetic
none
Adapted from Fig.
21.5(a), Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
random
aligned
(2) paramagnetic Adapted from Fig.
21.5(b), Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
aligned
aligned
Chapter 21 - 7
Domains in Ferromagnetic &
Ferrimagnetic Materials
As the applied field (H) increases the magnetic domains
change shape and size by movement of domain boundaries.
B sat
H
H Fig. 21.13, Callister &
induction (B)
Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from O. H. Wyatt
H Domains with and D. Dew-Hughes, Metals,
Magnetic
H=0
Chapter 21 - 8
Hysteresis and Permanent
Magnetization
The magnetic hysteresis phenomenon
B
Stage 2. Apply H,
Stage 3. Remove H, alignment align domains
remains! => permanent magnet!
Adapted from Fig. 21.14,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
H
Stage 4. Coercivity, HC
Negative H needed to Stage 1. Initial (unmagnetized state)
demagnitize!
Chapter 21 - 9
Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials
Hard
inhibit domain wall motion
Soft
-- example: tungsten steel --
Hc = 5900 amp-turn/m) H
Chapter 21 - 11
Magnetic Storage Media Types
Hard disk drives (granular/perpendicular media):
-- CoCr alloy grains (darker regions)
separated by oxide grain boundary Fig. 21.24, Callister
segregant layer (lighter regions) & Rethwisch 9e.
(Courtesy of Seagate
-- Magnetization direction of each Recording Media)
Copper
(normal)
TC = critical temperature
= temperature below which material is superconductive
Chapter 21 - 13
Critical Properties of
Superconductive Materials
TC = critical temperature - if T > TC not superconducting
JC = critical current density - if J > JC not superconducting
HC = critical magnetic field - if H > HC not superconducting
Chapter 21 - 14
Meissner Effect
Superconductors expel magnetic fields
normal superconductor
Fig. 21.28, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
Chapter 21 - 15
Advances in Superconductivity
Research in superconductive materials was stagnant
for many years.
Everyone assumed TC,max was about 23 K
Many theories said it was impossible to increase TC
beyond this value
1987- new materials were discovered with TC > 30 K
ceramics of form Ba1-xKxBiO3-y
Started enormous race
YBa2Cu3O7-x TC = 90 K
Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox TC = 122 K
difficult to make since oxidation state is very important
The major problem is that these ceramic materials are
inherently brittle.
Chapter 21 - 16
Summary
A magnetic field is produced when a current flows
through a wire coil.
Magnetic induction (B):
-- an internal magnetic field is induced in a material that is
situated within an external magnetic field (H).
-- magnetic moments result from electron interactions with
the applied magnetic field
Types of material responses to magnetic fields are:
-- ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic (large magnetic susceptibilities)
-- paramagnetic (small and positive magnetic susceptibilities)
-- diamagnetic (small and negative magnetic susceptibilities)
Types of ferrimagnetic and ferromagnetic materials:
-- Hard: large coercivities
-- Soft: small coercivities
Magnetic storage media:
-- particulate -Fe2O3 in polymeric film (tape)
-- thin film CoPtCr or CoCrTa (hard drive)
Chapter 21 - 17
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Reading:
Core Problems:
Self-help Problems:
Chapter 21 - 18