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Analog Signal Conditioning
Analog Signal Conditioning
Conditioning
By
Dr.P.K.Boruah, Prof.(rtd)
Dept. of Instr. & USIC,G.U.
Analog vs Digital
Signal
An Analog signal is any continuous
signal for which the time varying
feature (variable) of the signal is a
representation of some other time
varying quantity, i.e., analogous to
another time varying signal.
Analog signal
Why signal
conditioning?
Signal sources are weak
The signal produced by different
sources ( sensors,/transducerrs)
are subject to noise,interference and
unwanted pick up.
Techniques are required to remove
these.
Types of
Signals
DC,AC,PULSE
AC: Single ended &
Differential
PULSE: +ve going and
ve going
Data Acquisition System
Analog Signal
Signal Conditioner
ADC
Digital
Communication
Processing
Advantages of Analog
Processing
No computer, no A/D or D/A.
Better for high frequency
applications, when time available for
data conversion (A/D) or for
computations is too limited.
Simpler implementation as far as an
overall component count.
Less expensive overall
No need to impose certain standards
What is analog signal
conditioning?
The signal conditioning refers to the
methods employed to prepare the
raw signal derived from different
types of sensors so that they can be
successfully processed for
measurement and control
applications.
A signal processing
chain
Common Signal
Types
Single ended signal
Differential
signal
Main Parts of Analog Signal Conditioning
1. Level Changes
2. Linearizing
3. Filtering
4. Impedance matching
5. Signal Conversion
What is an Op-Amp? The
Inside
The actual count varies, but an Op-Amp contains
several Transistors, Resistors, and a few
Capacitors and Diodes.
For simplicity, an Op-Amp is often depicted as
this:
Level Changes
Opamps configurations
Buffer
Signal with Noise
Instrumentation Amplifier
High Impedance, High CMRR
Linear scales are
preferred
Provide an output
that varies linearly
with
some variable even if
the sensor output is
non
linear.
Special circuits are
required to linearize
signals.
Log
amplifier
Filter
Basic filter types
Passive filters
2.Thermocouple
3. Strain gauge
Divider Circuit
Suitable for thermistor, RTD,LDR etc
Vs
R1
R2
VD Vs
VD R1 R2
R2
Vs supply voltage
R1 , R2 divider resistors
The variation of VD with either R1 or R2 is
linear
The effective output impedance of the
divider is the parallel combination of R1
and R2.
Thecurrent flows to both R1 and R2. The
power rating of both resistors should be
considered.
Characteristics
The variation of VD with either R1 or
R2 is linear
Theeffective output impedance of
the divider is the parallel
combination of R1 and R2.
Thecurrent flows to both R1 and R2.
The power rating of both resistors
should be considered.
Wheatstone bridge
Advantages
1. It can be used as a resistance
sensor that eliminates the supply
voltage offset or changes.
2. The null still maintains
3. Good resolution
Thermocouple
Sensor output depends on T1(cold jn)
T2(hot jn) and not T(Sensor temperature)
Imp. Needs cold junction compensation
Solution: Add a different temperature
sensor in the bridge circuit to cancel cold
jn temperature variation.
Strain gauge circuit: simplified
Linear and SM Power
supply