Pla

nt
Tissues
 Tissues
A group of closely associated cells that
perform related functions and are similar
in structure.
 Plant Tissues
Tissues in plants that divide throughout their
life.
Plant tissues can be classified as:
Growing or Meristematic tissue
Permanent tissue

Permanent tissue

Meristematic tissue
 Meristematic tissues
The growth of plants occurs in certain specific
regions.
This is because the dividing tissue,
Known as meristematic tissue
Composed of actively dividing ceIIs,
responsible for
the production of ceIIs.
Capacity for division is restricted to certain
parts of
the plant body called meristems
Which are active throughout the life of the plant

body.
Meristematic tissues
 Meristematic tissues
Kinds of meristems:
Apical meristems found at the tip of stems
& roots
Lateral meristems a.k.a. cambia
- found along the sides of roots & stems
- increase width or diameter of stems & roots
- types: 1. vascular cambium 2. cork
cambium
Intercallary meristems found at the bases
of young leaves & internodes
- responsible for further lengthening of
stems & leaves
This tissue occurs at specific regions
of the plant body
This is so because in
plant body growth
occurs only at these
regions.
Hence , on the basis of
this there are 3 types
of meristem :
1. APICAL MERISTEM
2. INTERCALARY
MERISTEM
3. LATERAL MERISTEM
APICAL MERISTEM
As the name
suggests this
tissue is
present at the
apex of the
main &
lateral shoots
and roots.
This tissue
gives the
plant body a
linear growth.
LATERAL MERISTEM
This tissue lies on
the sides of the
plant body.
It lies under the
bark of the plant in
form of cork
cambium.
It gives the plant
its width or girth.
INTERCALARY MERISTEM
This tissue is
present at the base
of the nodes,
internodes, leaves
etc.
They are also
present in between
the permanent
tissue.
They give the plant
growth in length.
 Permanent tissues
Tissues that attained their mature form
and perform pacific functions.
They stop dividing

Types:
Simple permanent tissues
Complex permanent tissues
 Dermal / surface
tissue
Simple permanent tissues
- consist only of one kind of cells
A. Dermal / surface tissue
- external tissues
- forms protective covering of the plant body
a. Epidermis
b. Periderm
 Permanent tissues
Epidermis
- the outermost layer of the primary plant
body - covers the leaves, floral parts, fruits,
seeds, tems and roots
- generally only one layer thick with cuticle
(reduce the loss of water through transpiration)
- composed mostly of unspecialized cells,
either
parenchyma and/or sclerenchyma
- contains trichomes, stomata, buIIiform
ceIIs (in grasses)
Structure of epidermis
 Stomata
Stomata - pores for gas exchange
- present on one or both surfaces of
Leaves.
 Cuticle
Cuticle Lines the outer waII of the epidermal ceIIs
- made up of waxy material that protects
plants from desiccation

Cuticle

Layer of
the leaf
 Trichomes

Trichomes outgrowths of epidermal ceIIs

 Periderm (Bark)

Periderm (Bark) is the outermost layer of

stems and roots of woody plants such as trees.
 Ground Tissue
Parenchyma
Polyhedral to round in shape.
Occur throughout the plant body.
Photosynthesis, storage, and
secretion.
Collenchyma
Elongate in shape.
Occur beneath the epidermis in
young stems.
Support young growing tissues.
Sclerenchyma- fibers and
sclereids.
Long or stellate in shape.
Occur throughout the plant body.
Support (strengthen) and storage.
 Ground tissues
1. Parenchyma
- are the general purpose ceIIs of plants
- cells are rounded in shape & have uniformly thin
walls found in all parts of the plants.
- living at maturity, have large vacuoles
- location Ieaf, stem (pith), roots, fruits
Functions:
*basic metabolic function (respiration,
photosynthesis (chIorenchyma in Leaf) &
protein synthesis)
*storage (potatoes, fruits, & seeds)
*wound healing and regeneration
Parenchyma
 ChIorenchyma
2. ChIorenchyma - A specialized parenchyma tissue
found in the green parts of the shoot and performs
photosynthesis.
- differentiate from parenchyma
cells & are alive at maturity
Functions:
Support & elasticity (stem surfaces & along leaf veins)
Segeneration
 ScIerenchyma
3. ScIerenchyma
sclerenchyma cells which are non-living and
lack
protoplasts at maturity
Have thick, lignified secondary walls
Provide strength and support in parts that
have
ceased elongating or mature
Types:
1. ScIereids or stone cells
2. Fibers
Complex Permanent Tissues
Vascular Tissues
Specialized for long-distance transport of water
and dissolved substances.
Contain transfer ceIIs, fibers in addition to parenchyma
and conducting ceIIs.
Location, the veins in Ieaves
Types:
1. Xylem
2. phloem
 Xylem
Xylem
GW xyIos w/c means wood transports water and
dissolved nutrients from the roots to aII parts of a plant.
Direction of transport is upward.
There ate two types
Primary xylem differentiates from procambium in the
apical meristem & occurs throughout the primary plant
body.
Secondary xylem differentiates from vascular cambium
& is commonly called wood.
Xylem
 Xylem
Xylary elements the conducting cells in xylem
- 2 kinds of xylary elements:
tracheids the only water conducting
cells in most woody, non flowering
plants.
vessel elements occur in several groups
of plants, including angiosperm.
- both are elongated, dead at maturity,
lignified secondary cell walls.

Tracheids Vessel elements

PhIoem
PhIoem
- Greek word phloios meaning, bark
- transports dissolved organic / food materials from
the Ieaves to the different parts of the plant
- glucose in phloem moves in aII directions
Types
1. Primary phloem differentiate from procambium and
extends throughout the primary body of the plant.
2. Secondary phloem differentiates from the vascular
cambium and constitute the inner layer of the bark.
PhIoem
Sieve tube elements
main conducting ceIIs of phloem
elongated and non-nucleated
uniformly thin walled with the end walls perforated to
from the sieve plate.
Sieve tube element are attached end to end to form
the sieve tube.
PhIoem
The End