FIBER LASER

Presented By:
Gourav Kumar 16510028
Abhijit Jana 16510002
Uday Singh 16510092
Ashish Joseph 16510016
Neha Patel 16510047
 CONTENTS
Introduction: Gourav
Construction of Fiber Laser: Abhijit
Working of Fiber Laser: Uday and
Ashish
Advantages and Applications: Neha
 INTRODUCTION
A LASER is a device that emits light through a process of optical
amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic
radiation.
The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore H. MaimanatHughes
Research Laboratories, based on theoretical work byCharles Hard
TownesandArthur Leonard Schawlow.
 The term "laser" originated as anacronymfor Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
 An optical amplification is a process in which a
device called optical amplifier that amplifies an
optical signal directly without first converting it to
an electrical signal.
Optical amplifiers are important inoptical
communicationandlaser physics.
Stimulated emissionis the process by which an incomingphotonof a
specific frequency can interact with an excited atomicelectron(or
other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a
lowerenergylevel.
 When an electron absorbs energy either from light (photons)
or heat (phonons), it receives that incident quantum of
energy. But transitions are only allowed in between discrete
energy levels such as the two shown above. This leads
toemission linesandabsorption lines.
Types of Lasers :
Gas Lasers (He-Ne Laser),
Chemical Lasers (Hydrogen fluoride and
Deuterium Fluoride laser),
Excimer Lasers (ArF, KrCl, KrF etc.),
Solid State Lasers,
Fibre Lasers,
Photonic Crystal Lasers,
Semiconductor Lasers,
Free Electron Lasers etc.
 Characteristics
Coherent: A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits
lightcoherently. Different parts of the laser beam are related to each
other in phase. Two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a
constantphase differenceand the same frequency. Spatial coherence
describes the correlation between waves at different points in
space.Temporal coherence describes the correlation between waves
observed at different moments in time. Both are observed in
theMichelsonMorley experimentandYoung's interference
experiment.
Monochromatic: Laser light consists of essentially one wavelength,
having its origin in stimulated emission from one set of atomic energy
levels.
Collimated: Because of bouncing back between mirrored ends of a
laser cavity, those paths which sustain amplification must pass
between the mirrors many times and be very nearly perpendicular to
the mirrors. As a result, laser beams are very narrow and do not
spread very much.
 Constructions
The four basic components of Fibre
Laser are (i) The active medium, (ii)
Optical resonator (iii) The pumping
source and (iv) Optical fibre
 Continued..
Active medium consists more atoms in
higher energy state than lower energy
state
Active medium is capable of amplification
of light that acts a an oscillator
Optical resonator gives the feedback from
the output into the system. It is formed by
a pair of mirrors
Pumping source helps to create population
inversion
 Continued..
Optical fibre is a thin cylindrical fibre
of glass or any transparent dielectric
medium
This is used in optical communication
system
Its main function is to guide visible
and infrared light by Total internal
reflection
It has three parts; core , cladding and
buffer coating.
 Continued..
There are two types of optical fiber,
single-mode and multimode
 Continued..
In case of single mode fiber only one mode
can propagate. It has very small core
diameter (5um) and high cladding
diameter(70 um)
In case of multimode fiber relative refractive
index is larger than the single mode fiber.
They are not suitable for long distance
communication.
Fiber laser passes through the single mode
fiber
Controlling light propagation:

1. Fiber type
2. Core size
3. Numerical aperture
4. Refractive index
5. Doping

Numerical Aperture (NA):

1. We can change the effective angle at which light

is accepted by adjusting the refractive indices of the
fiber
2. High NA means broad angle of acceptance
 Working of Laser Fiber
Fiber laser works on the same phenomenon
as laser.
Three major action takes place when we
energies an atom by output source
These are spontaneous emission,
stimulated emission, stimulated absorption.
Photons emitted will undergoes total
internal reflection due to difference
between core and cladding.
 Transition from ground state to
excited state , from there to
metastable state.
Formation of active medium.
Adding pumping source in parallel
Stabilization of gain by Resonator
(braggs rating)
 Advantages
Light is already coupled into a
flexible fiber and can be easily
delivered to a movable focusing
element.
Beam quality of Fiber Laser is so
high.
They are very efficient and easy to
cool.
Fibers are compact in size can be
bent and coiled to save space.
Applications
Material
processing(markin
g, engraving,
cutting).
Telecommunication
s.
Spectroscopy.
Continued..

MEDICAL PURPOSE:
To destroy cancer and
unwanted cells in body.
Laser are used
extensively in treatment
of eye diseases,
particularly reattach a
detached retina.
Fiber laser used for
endoscopy.
 References
Optics by Ajoy Ghatak.
http://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/61.html
https://www.slideshare.net/donpraju/laser-ppt?qid=479
a2896-3809-40b5-a26e-00e6ea8ee6cd&v=&b=&
from_search=3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser#/
media/File:Military_laser_experiment.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser#/media/File:LASER.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laser,_
quantum_principle.ogv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser#/
media/File:Stimulated_Emission.svg
http://
www.cables-solutions.com/wp content/uploads/2014/08/fiber
types.gif
 THANK YOU
REFERENCES:
OPTICS BY AJOY GHATAK