Applications of biosensors

and transducer
By Kalpna kumari
Roll No. 17[A]
B.Tech Food Technology
 APPLICATIONS OF
BIOSENSOR IN FOOD
INDUSTRY
Detection of heavy metals
Detection of residual agrochemicals
Detection of toxic metabolites
Food borne pathogen detection
Assure food safety
As indicators of product acceptability
Detection of unpermitted chemicals
Sensory analysis
 FEATURES OF BIOSENSORS
USED IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Target specificity
Electron integration
Small size
Fast response time
Stability
Mass producible
Continuous signal
 TYPES OF BIOSENSORS

1.Biosensors used for detection 2. Biosensors for detecting

bacteria in food
of food enzmes

Food component Enzyme used

glucose Glucose
oxidase
lactose Galactose oxidase Indirect detection Direct detection
& peroxidase
cholesterol Cholesterol
oxidase
 1.Direct detection:- Biosensors measured biospecific reactions
directly in real time by measuring physical changes.

Optical biosensors:- Measure small change in refractive indices, e.g.,

piezoelectric biosensors
Bioluminescence biosensors:- Used to detect the presence or physiological
state of cell.
Electrical impedance biosensors:-Microbial metabolism bring increase in
both conductance & capacitance & thus cause decrease in impedance.
 2.Indirect detection:- Those biosensors in which preliminary
bio chemical rexn. Takes place & the pdt. Of the rexn. are detected by
sensors.

Fluorescence labelled biosensors:- Fluor chrome molecules absorb

short wavelength light & emit higher wavelength light which detect by
the fluorescent microscopy.
Microbial metabolism based biosensors:- m.o able to transduce their
metabolic redox rexn. In to quantify electric signals by using Oxido
Reductase rexn & mediator.
Flow immune sensors:- Based on Elisa , e.g E.coli detection
 TRENDING
BIOSENSORS
E- nose

Detection of odd volatile compounds.

Application in Tea, Wine, Coffee, & Spices
industry

E-Tounge

A colorimetric sensor array is used.

Application in liquid food industry
 BIOSENSORS IN DAIRY
INDUSTRY
DNA testing of the cows
Pathogen testing in the milk
Micro-organism identification in the milk
Test for preservation & pasteurization
DETERMINATION OF LACTOSE CONTENT
IN MILK
lactose
Biosensors used:- cascade
enzyme biosensors A galactosidase
Enzyme used:- A galactosidase
Glucose +
Working principle:- galactose
glucose oxidase

H2O Horse reddish

2 perox. Oxidizes
H2O2 with
amino sallicilic
acid as a
mediator
Oxidized form of mediator reduced at
electrode, resulting in amperometric
signal which is directly proptl. To
lactose conc.
 MILK UREA BIOSENSOR
Objective:- for adjusting the nutritional programme of herd.
Biosensor used:- potentiometric biosensors
Problems facing by herder:-
1. Protein supplements in animal feeds are costly.
2. Excessive level of N2 derived from feed may increase systematic urea of
milk w/o increase in milk production.
3. This high conc. Of urea:- impair reproductive performance of cattle ,
causes excessive N2 in dairy waste causing envt. Pollution.
Note:- the normal range of MUN is 5-20mg/dl
BIOSENSORS FOR PATHOGEN
DETECTION

Objective:- Harmful
microbes contaminate
food & water & cause
disease.

Biosensors used:-
surface plasma
resonance,
potentiometric &
acoustic wave sensors
 BIOSENSORS FOR DETECTION OF
BACTERIA
1.Salmonella:- Gram -ve bacteria, naturally found in the GI tract of warm
blooded animals and humans.
Diseases:- Enteric fever and salmonellosis.
Biosensor used:- piezoelectric antigen-antibody biosensors
Working principle:-Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayer method, which is
based on the immobilization of amphiphilic antibodies.
The antibodies are captured and distributed uniformly in a liquid having affinity
to the antibody.
Binding between the antibody and the polar surface (antibody film) will occur
when the support emerges from the liquid. The support will have transduction
resonance properties, i.e., when affinity with antigen takes place, the resonance
frequency will be affected due to increased mass in the crystal support.
Source:-Liliana Serna-Cock and Jeyson G. Perenguez-Verdugo Facultad de
Ingeniera, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira Colombia
2. Listeria monocytogenes :- Gram positive, flagellate microaerophilic
coccobacillus.
Disease:- listeriosis
Sources:- fresh and processed foods such as meats, shellfish,
unpasteurized milk and vegetables.
Biosensors used:- optical biosensors
Working principle:- It is based on the measurement of fluorescent light
generated by a wave when there is a change in resonance.
The biosensor uses monoclonal fluorescent antibodies that generate
excitation of atom & wave production when bound to the pathogen.
The biosensor is made of a polystyrene support that immobilizes the
antibodies.
Source:-Liliana Serna-Cock and Jeyson G. Perenguez-Verdugo Facultad de
Ingeniera, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira Colombia
 BIOSENSORS IN NANO SCALE
Embedded in food packages
Integrated in e-noses
 EXAMPLES WHERE
J Food Sci Technol. 2013
Aug; 50(4): 625641 BIOSENSORS ARE USED IN
FOOD INDUSTRY
Biosensor used for detection:-
Formation:- in
Biosensor based on carbon-paste electrode
starchy foods at temp.
modified with hemoglobin (Hb). Interaction
Detection of Higher than 120C, e.g
between Hb and acrylamide was observed
fried potato.
Acrylamide Content incrs. When Si
through decreasing of the peak current of Hb-
Fe(III) reduction.
is used as foam
Ion selective biosensors containing cells of
inhibitor
pseudomonas aeruginosa are also used.

Biosensors used for detection:-Microbial

Formation:-results biosensor based on flow injection analysis is used. sensor
Detection of from decarboxylation of cellsPseudomonas putidawere immobilized between two
benzoic acid in the cellulose acetate membranes and covered on a Clark
Benzene in presence of ascorbic dissolved oxygen electrode. TheP. putidaaerobically
soft drink acid, especially under degrades benzene and the working of the biosensor is
heat & light. simple and at the same time it has good reproduction of
result.
 Generally enzyme based biosensors are used to
evaluate the freshness of fish. Different types of
Determining the freshness of metabolites are determined to estimate the
fish freshness of fish like hypoxanthine ,inosine,
octopine, histidine, cadaverine, ,polyamines and
sulphates

Amperometric biosensors are used for this

Determination of free radicles purpose & function by the production of a current
and antioxidants when a potential is applied between two
electrodes

J Food Sci
Technol. 2013
Aug; 50(4):
625641
BIOSENSORS FOR GLUCOSE CONC. IN
MEAT
Principle:- As spoilage advances the glucose gradient(from surface to
centre of meat) become more pronounced.
Biosensors used:- have array of 4 glucose electrode (i.e glucose
oxidase, fenocene mediated amperometric sensor)
Working principle:- the mediator fecillitate transfer of e- from the redox
centre of enzyme to surface of electrode.
Resulting glucose profile can be related to shelf life of sample,
 BIOSENSORS AS INDICATORS OF
PRODUCT ACCEPTABILITY

Biosensor with immobilized enzymes alcohol oxidase and

alcohol peroxidase and a chromogen

Developed to detect injuries caused by low O2 in lettuce, cauliflower,

broccoli and cabbage lightly processed and packed in a modified
atmosphere.
Results obtained were similar to those obtained using gas chromatography
Future aspects:- To monitor ethanol during the storage of apples in a
controlled atmosphere, the decay in potato tubers or in any other
application where ethanol accumulation can be associated with quality
loss.
Source:-Liliana Serna-Cock and Jeyson G. Perenguez-Verdugo Facultad de Ingeniera,
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira Colombia
 BIOSENSORS IN HAZARD ANALYSIS AND
CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS (HACCP)
Objective of HACCP:- used to ensure food safety & can also be used as a food quality
control system.
To improve processing efficiency and the quality of food products in order to meet the client
needs
Biosensors used:- ATP bioluminescence method
Principle:- The ATP bioluminescence assay is based on the detection of ATP present in living
organisms through the luciferinluciferase enzymatic system.
low-cost biosensor to detect bacterial counts, based on adenosine 50-triphosphate (ATP) had
been developed.
Working:- The biosensor is composed of a key sensitive element and a photomultiplier tube
as a detector element.
Intracellular ATP is chemically extracted from bacteria, extracted ATP reacts with the
luciferinluciferase reagent to produce bioluminescence.
The bioluminescence signal is transformed into relevant electrical signal by the detector and
further measured with a homemade luminometer. Source:-Liliana Serna-Cock and Jeyson G. Perenguez-Verdugo
Facultad de Ingeniera, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Sede Palmira Colombia
 BIOSENSORS DEVELOPED BY
CFTRI (MYSORE,INDIA)
India is larger exporter of black tea, & color &
astringency is linked with polypheol contents.
Tea biosensors Enzyme based amperometric biosensors are
developed for determination of polyphenol
content.

Instrument for The prototype biosensor system was

glucose and successfully field tested in various industries
sucrose analysis like sugar mills and confectionery industries

(Thakur and
Karanth.2003).
 BIOSENSORS IN MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
Glucose monitoring (monitors the glucose level in blood).
Pregnancy test biosensors (Detects the hGC protein in urine).
Drug discovery & evaluation of biological activity of new compounds
Detection of toxic metabolites such as mycotoxins
 ENVIRONMENTAL
APPLICATIONS
Biosensors for pesticide monitoring in food and environmental
samples
A highly sensitive immuno-sensor system used for the detection of ethyl and
methyl parathions, 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and atrazine at picograms
concentration (ppt) based on the immuno-chemiluminescence principle.
Antibodies against pesticides were raised in chicken (IgY) and rabbit (IgG).
The high sensitivities of pesticides detection achieved in the project show
promise of excellent applications of our immunosensors for field application.
(Chouhan et
al.2006).

Immuno-Chemiluminescence
based biosensor system-CFTRI,
Mysore
 OTHER APPLICATIONS
1 ultrasounds:-
used for processing, preservation and extraction operations.
Advantages :-more effective mixing and micro-mixing, faster energy and
mass transfer, reduced thermal and concentration gradients, reduced
processing temperature, selective extraction and reduced equipment
size.
2 Metal trace analysis:- measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS) for: (Al), Cr, Co, Cu, Fe,Mn,Ni,Sn etc.
these elements present in food grade stainless steel (material of the vats
and of the transducer casing).
CSIRO Division of Animal, Food
and Health Sciences, Vic 3030,
Australia
 REFERENCES
J Food Science Technol. 2013 Aug; 50(4): 625641
CSIRO Division of Animal, Food and Health Sciences, 671 Sneydes Road,
Werribee, Vic 3030, Australia.
Biosensors & its application in food industry, rustagi & kumar (2013).
Liliana Serna-Cock and Jeyson G. Perenguez-Verdugo Facultad de
Ingeniera, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira Colombia
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