Regulation of Body Temperature

Ikhlas Muhammad Jenie

Bagian Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
 Tujuan
Pada akhir kuliah mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan:
proses produksi panas pada manusia
proses kehilangan panas pada manusia

regulasi suhu badan tubuh

Why is our body
temperature is
regulated?
 Only in narrow limits of temperature of internal
environment metabolism takes place
Nerve cells are sensitive to temperature changes

Enzymes (that is protein) involved in chemical
process in the body are proteins which are
inactivated when temperature rises above a certain
level
 Species ability to control
body temperature
According to the capacity to regulate body
temperature, Gods creature is classified
into:
Poikilothermic
Homoiothermic
 Poikilothermic
Its body temperature varies with
environmental temperature
For example: invertebrates, fishes,
amphibians, reptiles
 Homoiothermic
They can maintain body temperature,
within narrow limits
Changes in environmental temperature
provokes only slight oscillations in the
body temperature
Examples: vertebrate, human
Regulation of body temperature
Balance between heat production and
heat loss
Heat production chemical reaction
chemical heat regulation
Heat loss physical in nature
physical heat regulation
 Heat production
Basal metabolic rate
Extra metabolism
 Basal Metabolic Rate
is the amount of energy needed to perform
body function under resting condition
under resting condition, energy is used in

Liver and spleen 27%

Brain 19%

Kidneys 10%

Skeletal muscles

Heart
 Extra metabolism
Thermodynamic effect of the food
Contraction of the skeletal muscle
Action of thyroxine (in less extent: growth
hormone, testosterone)
Action of adrenalin & noradrenalin
hormones, and stimulation of the
sympathetic nerve fibers
Thermodynamic effect of food

is called Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)

The extra heat associated with
consumption of food, especially of
protein, because of the process of de-
amination of amino acids and formation
of urea
 Contraction of skeletal muscle
in work or exercise
in cool environment shivering
Hormone from the thyroid gland
Thyroxin produces slowly developing but
prolonged increase in heat production
(days)
Increase metabolism through increase
uncoupling oxidative phosphorilation
(UCP)
Increase activity of Na+-K+-ATP ase
Its secretion is increased by cold
 Catecholamine (Adrenaline)
Produces a rapid (acute) but short-lived
increase in heat production
Increase glycolysis
Increase BFT (Brown Fat Thermogenesis)
 Brown Fat
A kind of fat that has a high rate of
metabolism
Innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers
Important in baby/ infants
It becomes heat source for infants
non-shivering thermogenesis mechanism
 Adjusting heat production
In hotter places increase metabolism
increase heat production
In cold environment decrease
metabolism decrease heat production
 Heat loss
From deeper tissue to the skin
deeper tissue: liver, brain, heart, skeletal
muscle during exercise
From the skin to the surroundings
 Modes of heat loss
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
 Radiation
Heat passes from the body by invisible
infrared rays
It occurs when temperature of surrounding
objects (walls, furniture, etc.) is lower than
temperature of the body
When many people are in the same room,
they irradiate each other, their body
temperature rises, and discomfort is felt
 Convection
Theremoval of heat from the body by
convection air
The heat is conducted to the air first, the
warm air becomes lighter and rises, thus
replaced by cold air
The current of air
 Conduction
Conduction to solid objects
Heat loss after the skin contacts directly with
cold objects
Conduction to the air
Conduction to the water
 Evaporation
Insensible perspiration
600 700 ml/ day
occurred in:
The skin
The lungs (respiratory tract) water vapor
Sweating
 Channels of heat loss
Skin (85%)
Perspiration insensibilis
Changes in cutaneous blood flow
Sweating
Lungs
Water vapor
Excreta
Gastrointestinal tract
Genitourinary tract
 Bodys heat loss at moderate
environmental temperature (at a 250 C)
Modes of Heat Losses Contribution
(%)
Radiation & Convection 70 75
(55 + 15)
Evaporation 21.5
Heating foods 1.5
Heating air in the lungs 1.3
Heat loss from urine & feces 0.7
 Modes of heat loss in
low to moderate environmental
temperature
 Heat loss by convection and radiation

Vasodilatation
Behavioral changes
 Vasodilatation

The skin and subcutaneous fatty tissue

are heat isolators
Blood is good heat conductors

Heat loss by convection is determined by

the amount of blood flow through
cutaneous blood vessels
Cutaneous blood vessels
Sympathetic Innervations of
Blood Vessels
 The effect of vasodilatation and
vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels to
heat conductance
 Mechanism of vasodilatation

There is a need for heat loss

Decrease of sympathetic activity

Decrease of norepinephrine release

Vasodilatation of cutaneous vessels

Increase of blood flow Heat loss

 Behavioral changes in hot
environment
Clothes
Thin & dry clothes
Moving to another place
To windy place
 Bodys heat loss at
high environmental temperature
There is increased sweating and followed
hopefully by increased evaporation by
which the body losses heat.
Human sweats very little at low &
moderate temperatures, but it sharply
increases at high t0
Bodys heat loss at high environmental
temperature
Modes of Heat Losses
Radiation & Convection
Evaporation
Heating foods
Heating air in the lungs
Heat loss from urine & feces
 Evaporation does not increase noticeably
in environmental temperature < 30 0C
At temperature > 300C, there is a sudden
increase in sweat secretion
At t 350C, nearly all the heat is eliminated
by evaporation
At 370C, heat is absolutely dissipated by
evaporation
 Evaporation of sweat from the surface of
human skin relates to the function of
sweat glands, which are innervated by
sympathetic nerves secreted acetylcholine
serabut saraf simpatetik kolinergik .
Sweat gland
 Sweat gland
Innervation: cholinergic sympathetic nerve
fibers
Also has adrenergic receptors can be
stimulated by adrenalin and noradrenalin
(hormones) in the blood important
during exercise
 Sweat glands have acetylcholine
receptors
Acetylcholine and pilocarpine are
agonist of acetylcholine receptors at
sweat glands stimulate secretion of
sweat sweating
Atropine is antagonist inhibits is
not sweating
 Mechanism of sweating
Mechanism of sweat secretion at rest:
sweat glands are stimulated slightly
primary secretion passes the ducts slowly
extensive Na+ and Cl- reabsorbtion
thorough the ducts hypo-osmotic of the
sweat passive reabsorbtion of water
the sweat is very concentrated and small
loss of NaCl (5 mEq/ L)
 Unacclimatization
High environmental temperature or during
exercise: sweat glands are stimulated
strongly primary secretion passes the
ducts fast slightly Na+ and Cl-
reabsorbtion thorough the ducts passive
reabsorbtion of water is little the result:
the sweat is not very concentrated and
large loss of Na+ (50 60 mEq/ L)
happened in an unacclimatized subject
 Acclimatization
Person who familiarized with hot
environmental temperature for 1 6
weeks will:
produce profuse sweating 2 3 L/ day
Increased 10 times cooling effect of
evaporation to body
Decreased NaCl content in the sweat
better conservation of body salt
Roles of aldosteron to increase NaCl
reabsorbtion from the ducts
 Sweat secretion is stimulated
by
1. Increase environmental temperature
2. Physical exercise
3. Psychic factors
4. Stimulation of nerve center (such as
asphyxia)
5. Sleep
6. Reflexes
 Evaporation
Evaporation occurs when there is
difference between the pressure of water
vapor in the skin and in the air.
Therefore, the rate of evaporation is
inversely related to relative humidity (RH)
 Evaporation
Relative humidity (RH)
RH = the amount of air moisture
the maximal amount of air moisture
When the air is already saturated with
moisture (RH = 100%) the air can not take
water vapor up from sweat evaporation
When the air t0 raises, RH becomes lower (RH
< 100%) the air can take water vapor up
evaporation
 Humidity
High humidity makes people feel hotter
outside in the summer because it reduces
the effectiveness of sweating to cool the
body by reducing the evaporation of
perspiration from the skin
 Humidity can be measured using a variety
of instruments. Relative humidity is often
determined using a sling psychrometer or a
hair hygrometer.
 Evaporation diminishes as the humidity of
the atmosphere increases
Heat is tolerated better in a dry
atmosphere than in a damp one
With a t 370C and 100% humidity, it would
be impossible for the organism to lose
heat either by radiation and evaporation
 An optimum sensation of well-being is
experienced with an environmental
temperature around 200C (680F) and a
relative humidity of 50 60%
 Evaporation from the respiratory tract

Heat loss can be increased through the

increase of the rate & depth of respiration
(polypnea, panting)
In dogs: the mouth opens, the tongue hangs
out, and hypersalivation occurs
 In cold environment
Radiation and convection is decreased
heat loss is decreased heat conservation
Modes of decreased radiation & convection
Vasoconstriction
Horripilation
Behavioral changes
 Mechanism of vasoconstriction

There is a need for heat conservation

Increase of sympathetic activity

Release of norepinephrine

Vasoconstricion of cutaneous vessels

Decrease of blood flow Heat loss

 Horripilation
Contraction of smooth muscles of the skin
(mm. arrectores pilorum)

Air trap in the fur

Heat isolator

Bodys heat loss

 Behavioral changes in hot
environment
Clothes
Thick ones
Curling up
To decrease body surface area ( BSA )
Moving to another place
To colder place
 Thermoreceptors
Peripheral thermoreceptors : in the skin
(skin thermoreceptors)
Central thermoreceptor: in the preoptic
area of the hypothalamus
(anterior hypothalamus)
 Skin thermoreceptors
Warmth receptors

Stimulated by increased environmental

temperature, up to 44 -460C
Cold receptors

is stimulated as local temperature

decreases from 400C to 24 280C
Cold receptors are much more abundant &
important than warmth receptors
 Skin thermoreceptors provide:
information about skin/ environmental
temperature to hypothalamic
thermoregulatory center
conscious perception of environmental
temperature & estimation of thermal comfort
via thalamic pathways to cerebral cortex
 Central thermoreceptors
At thisanterior part of hypothalamus,
warmth receptors greatly outnumber cold
receptors
Around 10% of hypothalamic neurons
show a positive temperature coefficient
when local temperature (i.e. blood flow to
hypothalamus) is cycled over a range of 2
40C about the mean -- Thermostat
 Hypothalamic thermoreceptors are
important during exercise, in which bodys
heat production & dissipation can differ
dramatically, leading to rapid changes in
body core temperature
 Thermoregulatory center
The posterior hypothalamus summates
the central and peripheral temperature
sensory signals
Heat regulation
 The response exerted by
the thermoregulatory center when the
body is too hot
Increase heat loss
Cutaneous vasodilatation
Sweating
Increased respiration
Decrease heat production
Anorexia
Apathy & inertia
Shivering is inhibited
 The response exerted by
the thermoregulatory center when the
body is too cold
Increase heat production
Shivering
Feeding
Increased thyroxin and catecholamine
secretion
Decrease heat loss
Cutaneous vasoconstriction
Horripilate
What is our
adaptation in the
age of global
warming?
 Global Warming
A gradual increase in planet temperature
The Earth is the hottest in the last 2,000
years
The average global surface temperature
has increased by approximately 0.5-1.0F
(0.3-0.6C) over the last century
 Causes
This warming is largely attributed to the
increase of greenhouse gases (primarily
carbon dioxide and methane) in the
Earth's upper atmosphere caused by
Human burning of fossil fuels, industrial,
farming, and deforestation activities.
 Greenhouse gases
Gases reabsorb heat reflected from the
Earth's surface, thus trapping the heat in
our atmosphere
Humans have been artificially increasing
the concentration of these gases, mainly
carbon dioxide and methane, in the
Earth's atmosphere
 Greenhouse gases
These gases build up and prevent
additional thermal radiation from leaving
the Earth, thereby trapping excess heat
 Effects
More hot days
Changes in humidity and weather patterns
More intense and frequent tropical storms and
hurricanes caused by warmer ocean water
Sea levels are also expected to increase by 0.09
- 0.88 m. in the next century caused mainly
from melting glaciers and expanding seawater
Extinction of wildlife and species that cannot
survive in warmer environments
 Effects
Affects human health
spreading of certain diseases such as
malaria
flooding
a greater risk of heat stroke
poor air quality
 References
Boron, W.F. & Boulpaep, E.L. Medical
physiology.
Bykov. Textbook of physiology.
Ganong. Review on medical physiology.
Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. Textbook of
medical physiology.
Houssay, B.A. Human physiology.
 Exercise
When an individual is standing naked in a
room in which the air temperature is 210C
and humidity is 80%, which mechanism of
heat loss will dominate?
A. elevated metabolism
B. respiration
C. urination
D. vaporization of sweat
E. radiation & conduction
 How?

How about the effects of stress

to heat regulation?

Please discuss to your

friend!
 The effects of stress on cutaneous
blood vessels
Stress activation of HPA axis
HPA: Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal
gland
The medulla of the adrenal gland will
secrete adrenalin diffuse and
distributed in the blood, causing:
General vasoconstriction
Vasodilatation to vital organs (brain, heart,
kidneys)