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Lecture 22
Lecture 22
Columns Design
July 30, 2003
RC 444
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Lecture Goals
Short Column Biaxial Design
Slender Column Design
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Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95
Unaxial bending
about y-axis
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Biaxial Bending and Axial
Load
Ref. PCA Notes on ACI 318-95
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Approximate Analysis
Methods
Use Reciprocal Failure
surface S2 (1/Pn,ex,ey)
The ordinate 1/Pn on the
surface S2 is
approximated by
ordinate 1/Pn on the
plane S2 (1/Pn ex,ey)
Plane S2 is defined by
points A,B, and C.
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Approximate Analysis
Methods
P0 = Axial Load Strength under pure axial compression
(corresponds to point C ) Mnx = Mny = 0
P0x = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ey
(corresponds to point B ) Mnx = Pney
P0y = Axial Load Strength under uniaxial eccentricity, ex
(corresponds to point A ) Mny = Pnex
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Approximate Analysis
Methods
Design: Pu Muy, Mux Pu, Puex, Puey
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Approximate Analysis
Methods
1 1 1 1 1
Pn Pn P0x P0y P0
1
Pn
1 1 1
P0x P0y P0
Pn = Nominal axial load strength at eccentricities, ex
& ey Limited to cases when Pn 0.1 f c Ag
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Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns
Analysis Procedure: Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers Formula:
1 1 1 1
Pn P0x P0y P0
Steps:
1) Calculate P0
2) Calculate P0y ( Pn for e = ex, ey = 0 )
3)Calculate P0x ( Pn for ex= 0, e = ey )
4)
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Calculate P n (from Breslers Formula )
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Biaxial Bending in Short
Columns
Pu Pn
where,
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Biaxial Column Example
The section of a short tied
column is 16 x 24 in. and is
reinforced with 8 #10 bars as
shown. Determine the
allowable ultimate load on
the section Pn if its acts at
ex = 8 in. and ey = 12 in. Use
fc = 5 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
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Biaxial Column Example
Compute the P0 load, compression with no moments
Ast 8 1.27 in 2 10.16 in 2
P0 0.85 f c Ag Ast Ast f y
0.85 5 ksi 24.0 in. 24.0 in. 10.16 in 2
10.16 in 2 60 ksi
2198.4 k
Pn0 rP0 0.8 2198.4 k 1758.7 k
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Biaxial Column Example
Compute Pnx, by starting with ey term and assume
that compression controls. Check by
2 2
ey 12 in. d 21.5 in. 14.33 in.
3 3
Set the two equation equal to one another and sole for fs
fs 0.265c 2 6.483
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Biaxial Column Example
Compute the moment about the tension steel:
1c
Pn e Cc d Cs1 d d
2
where
e 5.5 in. 8 in. 13.5 in.
Pn 13.5 in. 81.6c 13.5 in. 0.4c
212.4 k 13.5 in. 2.5 in.
The resulting equation is:
Pn 81.6c 2.42c 2 173.07
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Biaxial Column Example
Combine the two equations and solve for Pn using an
iterative solution
Pn 81.6c 212.4 3.81 f s
1 1 1 1
Pn Pnx Pny Pn0
1 1 1
733.0 k 684.6 k 1758.7 k
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Biaxial Column Example
Note: the Pnx & Pny include the
corner steel bars in both
calculations a more
conservative solution would be
to use 1/2 the steel in each
direction so As= 2(1.27 in2)
which would reduce Pu .
(Remember fs can not be
greater than 60 ksi, so that Pnx
= 620.3 k and Pny= 578.4 k Pn =
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360.7
27/04/17 k and Pu= 234.5 k)
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Slender Columns
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Columns
Slenderness ratio =
klu
r
Long with a relatively high slenderness
ratio where lateral or shear walls are
required
Long with a medium slenderness ration
that will cause a reduction in strength
Short where the slenderness ratio is small
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Long Columns
Slender Columns
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Long Columns
Less than 10 % of columns in braced or non-sway
frames and less than half of columns in unbraced or
sway frames would be classified as slender
following ACI Code Procedure.
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Effective Length
The effective length - klu
lu - It measures the clear distance between floors.
k - a factor, which represents the ratio of the distance
between points of zero moments in the columns
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K Factor
EI / l of columns
u
EI / l of beams
u
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K Factor
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)
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K Factor
For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained @both ends
20 m
if m avg 2.0 : k 1 m
20
if m 2.0 : k 0.9 1 m
b) One hinged or free end
k 2.0 0.3
Non-sway frames: 0 k 1.0
Sway frames:
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1.0 k
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typically k=1.5 36
K Factor
The general assumptions are
- Structure consists of symmetric rectangular frames
- The girder moment at a joint is distributed to columns
according to their relative stiffness
- All columns reach their critical loads at the same time
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General Formulation
Modulus of Elasticity
Ec 33w 1.5
fc
57000 f c
Reinforced Moment (ACI 10.11.1)
I 0.35 I g for a beam
I 0.70 I g for a column
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General Formulation
Area
A Ag
Moment of inertia shall be divided by (1 + d)
with sustain lateral loads
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K Factor
Use the values to
obtain the K factors
for the columns.
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Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
Lateral deflection -
increases moment
M = P*( e + )
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Long Column
Eccentrically loaded pin-ended column.
(a) Pinned-Pinned
Connection
(b) Fixed-Fixed
Connection
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Long Column -
Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for
columns
(c) Fixed-Pinned
Connection
(d) Partial restrained
Connection
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Long Column -
Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
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Long Column -
Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
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Long Column
lu = Unsupported height of column from top of
floor to bottom of beams or slab in floor
I
r = Radius of gyration
A
= 0.3* overall depth of rectangular columns
= 0.25* overall depth of circular columns
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Long Column
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends, where
M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)
M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2
double curvature
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Long Columns
M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends
where M2 > M1 (-1.0 to 1.0 range)
- single curvature
- double curvature
M1
0.5
M2 is typically conservative
(non-sway frames)
and k 1.0
M1/M2 -0.5 non-sway frames
Note Code (10.12.2)wood4657@yahoo.es
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Long Column
M1
0.5
M2 is typically conservative non - sway frames
and k 1.0
M1
Note: Code 10.12.2 0.5 (non-sway frames)
M2
klu
Possible range of = 22 to 40
r
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Moment Magnification
in Non-sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, ns, will cause an
increase in the magnitude of the design moment.
M c ns M 2
where
Cm
ns 1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pc
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Moment Magnification
in Non-sway Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column
EI 2
Pc
klu
2
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Moment Magnification
in Non-sway Frames
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
A rectangular braced column of a multistory frame
building has floor height lu =25 ft. It is subjected to
service dead-load moments M2= 3500 k-in. on top and
M1=2500 k-in. at the bottom. The service live load
moments are 80% of the dead-load moments. The
column carries a service axial dead-load PD = 200 k
and a service axial live-load PL = 350 k. Design the
cross section size and reinforcement for this column.
Given A = 1.3 and B = 0.9. Use a d=2.5 in. cover
with an sustain load = 50 % and fc = 7 ksi and fy = 60
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ksi.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the factored loads and moments are 80% of
the dead loads
Pu 1.2 PD 1.6 PL 1.2 200 k 1.6 350 k
800 k
M 1u 1.2 M D 1.6 M L 1.2 2500 k-in 1.6 0.8 2500 k-in
6200 k-in.
M 2u 1.2M D 1.6 M L 1.2 3500 k-in 1.6 0.8 3500 k-in
8680 k-in.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the k value for the braced compression
members
k 0.7 0.05 A B 0.7 0.05 1.3 0.9
0.81 1.0
k 0.85 0.05 min 0.85 0.05 0.9
0.895 1.0
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check to see if slenderness is going to matter. An
initial estimate of the size of the column will be an inch
for every foot of height. So h = 25 in.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
So slenderness must be considered. Since frame has
no side sway, M2 = M2ns, s =0 Minimum M2
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute components of concrete
f c 33 150
1.5
Ec 33w 1.5
7000
5.07x106 psi 5.07x103 ksi
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the stiffness
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The critical load is
EI
2 2 4.4x107 k-in 2
Pc
klu
2 2
12 in.
0.81 25 ft ft
7354.3 k
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Compute the coefficient
M 1
Cm 0.6 0.4
M 2
6200 k-in.
0.6 0.4 0.89 0.4
8680 k-in.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The magnification factor
Cm 0.89
ns
Pu 800 k
1 1
0.75 Pc 0.75 7354.3 k
1.04 1.0
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design moment is
As 7.0 in 2
Acs 7.0 in 2
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The column is compression controlled so c/d > 0.6.
Check the values for c/d = 0.6
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1405.7 k 378.35 k 406.0 k
1378.05 k
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h h
M n Cc Cs1 d T d
2 2 2 2
9.45 in.
1405.7 k 12.5 in.
2
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.
406.0 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18773 k-in
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18773 k-in
e
Pn 1378.05 k
13.62 in.
Since the e = 11.28 in. < 13.62 in. The section is in the
compression controlled region = 0.65. You will want
to match up the eccentricity with the design.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the values for c/d = 0.66
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Check the strain in the tension steel and compression
steel.
c d 14.85 in. 2.5 in.
s1 cu 0.003
c 14.85 in.
0.00249
f cs1 Es s1 29000 ksi 0.00249
72.35 ksi f cs1 60 ksi
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The tension steel
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Combined forces
Pn Cc Cs1 T
1546.26 k 378.35 k 313.74 k
1610.9 k
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Moment is
h a h h
M n Cc Cs1 d T d
2 2 2 2
10.395 in.
1545.26 k 12.5 in.
2
378.35 k 12.5 in. 2.5 in.
313.74 k 22.5 in. 12.5 in.
18205.2 k-in
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The eccentricity is
M n 18205.2 k-in
e
Pn 1610.9 k
11.30 in.
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
The design conditions are
Pu Pn 0.65 1610.9 k
1047.1 k 800 k OK!
M u M n 0.65 18205.2 k-in
11833.4 k-in. 9027.2 k-in. OK!
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Design of Long Columns-
Example
Design the ties
Provide #3 ties, spacing will be the minimum of:
48dstirrup 48 0.375 in. 18 in.
s smallest 16d bar 16 1.128 in. 18 in. controls
h 25 in.
Therefore, provide #3 ties @ 18 in. spacing.
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Using Interaction
Diagrams
Determine eccentricity. Select steel sizes.
Estimate column size Design ties by ACI
required base on axial code
load.
Design sketch
Determine e/h and
required Pn/Ag
Determine which chart
to use.
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