EXHAUST GAS

RECIRCULATION IN FOUR
STROKE ENGINE
 INTRODUCTION
Major problem faced by todays world is environmental
pollution.
Of these vehicular traffic is a major contributor .
Exhaust gases from vehicles includes CO,CO2,HC,NOx ..
Of these NOx is particularly very harmful.
These are one of the chief constituents of smog, which have
an adverse effect on ecological systems.
They also contribute to the formation of acid rain.
NOx also cause breathing illness in human beings.
 FORMATION OF NOx.

The factors that cause diesel engines to run more

efficiently than gasoline engines also cause them to
run at a higher temperature.
This leads to the creation of nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Fuel in any engine is burned with extra air and some
of the oxygen is used to burn the fuel.
When the peak temperatures are high enough for
long periods of time, the nitrogen and oxygen in the
air combines to form Nitrogen oxides.
These are normally collectively referred to as NOx.
Primary NOx source
in combustion processes:
thermal NOx
fuel NOx
prompt Nox

Thermal NOx formation, which is highly

temperature dependent, is recognized as the
most relevant source when combusting natural
gas.
 Fuel NOx tends to dominate during the
combustion of fuels, such as coal, which have a
significant nitrogen content, particularly when
burned in combustors designed to minimise
thermal NOx.
The contribution of prompt NOx is normally
considered negligible. A fourth source,
called feed NOx is associated with the
combustion of nitrogen present in the feed
material of cement rotary kilns, at between 300
and 800 C, where it is also a minor contributor.
THERMAL
Thermal NOx refers to NOx formed through
high temperature oxidation of the diatomic
nitrogen found in combustion air.The formation
rate is primarily a function of temperature and
the residence time of nitrogen at that
temperature. At high temperatures, usually
above 1600 C (2900 F), molecular nitrogen
(N2) and oxygen (O2) in the combustion air
disassociate into their atomic states and
participate in a series of reactions.
 The three principal reactions (the extended Zeldovich
mechanism) producing thermal NOx are:
N2 + O NO + N
N + O2 NO + O
N + OH NO + H
All three reactions are reversible. Zeldovich was the
first to suggest the importance of the first two
reactions.The last reaction of atomic nitrogen with the
hydroxyl radical, HO, was added by Lavoie,
Heywood and Keck to the mechanism and makes a
significant contribution to the formation of thermal
NOx.
FUEL
It is estimated that transportation fuels cause
54% of the anthropogenic (i.e. human-caused)
NOx. The major source of NOx production from
nitrogen-bearing fuels such as certain coals
and oil, is the conversion of fuel bound nitrogen
to NOx during combustion.During combustion,
the nitrogen bound in the fuel is released as
a free radical and ultimately forms free N 2, or
NO.
 there are two primary paths of formation. The first involves the
oxidation of volatile nitrogen species during the initial stages
of combustion. During the release and before the oxidation of
the volatiles, nitrogen reacts to form several intermediaries
which are then oxidized into NO. If the volatiles evolve into a
reducing atmosphere, the nitrogen evolved can readily be
made to form nitrogen gas, rather than NOx.

The second path involves the combustion of nitrogen

contained in the char matrix during the combustion of
the char portion of the fuels. Only around 20% of the char
nitrogen is ultimately emitted as NOx, since much of the
NOx that forms during this process is reduced to nitrogen by
the char, which is nearly pure carbon
 PROMPT
This third source is attributed to the reaction of
atmospheric nitrogen, N2, with radicals such as C, CH,
and CH2 fragments derived from fuel, where this cannot
be explained by either the aforementioned thermal or
fuel processes. Occurring in the earliest stage of
combustion, this results in the formation of fixed species
of nitrogen such as NH (nitrogen monohydride), HCN
(hydrogen cyanide), H2CN (dihydrogen cyanide)
and CN (cyano radical) which can oxidize to NO
. Prompt NOx can be a major source on formation of
NOx at low-temperature combustion of oxygenated fuels
such as biodiesel.
 HOW CAN NOx BE REDUCED?

In order to reduce NOx a engine should run at a lower

temperature than the normal temperature.
Reduced cylinder temperatures can be achieved in three
ways.
1. Enriching the air fuel mixture

2. Lowering the compression ratio and retarding

ignition timings

3. Reducing the amount of Oxygen in the cylinder

 EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION

Exhaust Gas Recirculation is an efficient method to

reduce NOx emissions from the engine.
It works by recirculating a quantity of exhaust gas
back to the engine cylinders.
Intermixing the recirculated gas with incoming air
reduces the amount of available O2 to the
combustion And lowers the peak temperature of
combustion.
Recirculation is usually achieved by piping a route
from the exhaust manifold to the intake manifold.
A control valve within the circuit regulates and times
the gas flow.
Schematic Diagram of An EGR
MSIL SWIFT EGR
 BASIC PARTS OF EGR

There are 3 basic parts of EGR

1. EGR Valve

2. EGR Cooler

3. EGR Transfer Pipe

 TYPICAL FOUR STROKE DIESEL
ENGINE WITH BASIC PARTS OF EGR
 EGR OPERATING CONDITIONS

There are three operating conditions for EGR flow.

1. High EGR flow

2. Low EGR flow

3. No EGR flow
 EGR THEORY OF OPERATION

The purpose of the EGR system is to precisely regulate the

flow under different operating conditions.

By integrating the fuel and spark control with the EGR

metering system, engine performance and the fuel economy
can be enhanced

For this an ECM (Electronic Control Machine) is used to

regulate the EGR flow. When EGR is required ECM opens
the EGR valve.
 The ECM is capable of neutralizing the negative aspects of
EGR by programming additional spark advance and
decreased fuel injection duration during periods EGR flow
 EXPERIMENT RESULTS

Relationship between EGR rate and NOX

Relationship between O2 concentration
And NOx reduction
HC and NOx concentration as a function of
EGR Level
Relation of PM accumulation rate
And NOx emission with EGR
 TECHNICAL ISSUES

1. Combustion Contamination
Exhaust gas from any combustion process may have certain
contaminants
May lead to serious combustion degradation and instability, and
shorter component life.
2. Control System Stability
Control systems for modern engines have been developed over
two decades to maintain emissions control at varying loads,
speeds, and fuel conditions.
Adding EGR into the combustion process introduces
further complexity that must be carefully integrated into the
entire engine control system approach for successful
operation over a wide range of conditions.
3. Materials and Durability

EGR systems may decrease long-term life of the

components affected, including the EGR coolers and
control valves, the pistons and cylinder heads, exhaust
manifolds and sensors

Continuous duty applications may cause materials

breakdown, shorter component life, and even
unexpected, catastrophic engine failures.
 FUTURE OF EGR
Current Proposal:

Require a functional check of the EGR system:

detect a malfunction when the system has reached
its control limits such that it cannot achieve the
target EGR flow

Require a functional check of the EGR cooling

system for proper cooling
 CONCLUSION

Using Exhaust Gas Recirculation Technique in engines, the

emissions are vary much controlled due to lesser amounts of
NOx entering the atmosphere.

Exhaust Gas Recirculation is a very simple method. It has

proven to be very useful and it is being modified further to
attain better standards.

This method is very reliable in terms of fuel consumption

EGR is the most effective method for reducing the nitrous

oxide emissions from the engine exhaust.
THANK YOU