PLUMBING

SYSTEM
Prepared by: Group 7
ANCIENT PLUMBING
 EGYPT-sections of
copper water pipe
were unearthed
along with palace
apartments.

BABLYLONIA- A
network of canals
, all skillfully
planned and
regulated,
covered the area.
 CRETE- the remain
of plumbing system
at least 3000 years
old were unearthed
in excavation site
of an ancient
palace of Knossos.

Rome- Romans
carried sanitation
to the highest and
broadest degree of
development.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PLUMBER AND A PLUMBING ENGINEER
PLUMBER PLUMBING ENGINEER
The person you call to fix a broken professional who designs the hot
toilet, or to repair a leaky pipe in and cold water system in your
your basement. home

Plumbers are indispensable Plumbing engineering relies on

members of the professional design, planning, creation and
engineering community but a implementation.
plumber is not the same as a
plumbing engineer.
DIFFERENT PLUMBING
SYSTEMS
 What are the different types of
residential plumbing systems?

Potable Hot and Cold Tap water System

Drain-Waste-Vent System (DWV System)
Sewage systems and Septic systems
 Water Supply System
It is a system in plumbing which provides and distributes water to the different
parts of the house or structure. Its uses include drinking, washing, cooking,
and the flushing of toilets. Indoor tap water is distributed through "indoor
plumbing", which has existed since antiquity but was available to very few
people until the second half of the 19th century when it began to propagate in
what are now developed countries. Tap water became common in many
regions during the 20th century, and is now lacking mainly among people in
poverty, especially in developing countries.
This supply may come from several possible sources.
Municipal water supply
Water wells
Processed water from creeks, streams, rivers, lakes, rainwater
 Drain-Waste-Vent System (DWV)

In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent (or DWV) is part of a

system that removes sewage and greywater from a building,
and regulates air pressure in the waste-system pipes to aid
free flow. Waste is produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks,
and showers, and exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped
section of pipe that always contains water.

It is divided into two parts

Drainage System
Venting System
 Drainage System
Drainage options for the construction industry include:
Point drainage, which intercepts water at gullies (points). Gullies
connect to drainage pipes beneath the ground surface and deep
excavation is required to facilitate this system. Support for deep
trenches is required in the shape of planking, strutting or shoring.
Channel drainage, which intercepts water along the entire run of the
channel. Channel drainage is typically manufactured from concrete,
steel, polymer or composites. The interception rate of channel
drainage is greater than point drainage and the excavation required
is usually much less deep.
The surface opening of channel drainage usually comes in the form of
gratings (polymer, plastic, steel or iron) or a single slot (slot drain) that
runs along the ground surface (typically manufactured from steel or
iron).
 Venting System
The venting system, or plumbing vents, consists of a number of pipes
leading from waste pipes to the outdoors, usually through the roof.
Vents provide a means to release sewer gases outside instead of inside
the house. Vents also admit oxygen to the waste system to allow
aerobic sewage digestion, and to discourage noxious anaerobic
decomposition.
Vents provide a way to equalize the pressure on both sides of a trap,
thereby allowing the trap to hold the water which is needed to maintain
effectiveness of the trap, and avoiding "trap suckout" which otherwise
might occur. Venting system is subdivided into two parts.

Venting System is subdivided into two parts. The external venting and
Internal venting.
 Sewage system and Septic system
Sewage collection and disposal systems transport sewage through
cities and other inhabited areas to sewage treatment plants to
protect public health and prevent diseases.
A sewage system may convey the wastewater by gravity to a
sewage treatment plant.
Community sewage can also be collected by an effluent sewer
system, also known as a STEP system (Septic Tank Effluent
Pumping). At each home, a buried collection tank is used to
separate solids from the liquid effluent
Sewage can also be collected by low pressure pumps and vacuum
systems.
Sewage system
Septic System
Onsite sewage facilities (OSSF) are
wastewater systems designed to treat
and dispose of effluent on the same
property that produces the wastewater.

A septic tank and drainfield combination

is the oldest and most common type of
OSSF, although newer aerobic and
biofilter units exist which represent
scaled down versions of municipal
sewage treatments. OSSFs account for
approximately 25% of all domestic
wastewater treatment in the United
States.
MATERIALS AND
COMPONENTS
Copper Pipes Most commonly used pipes for hot and cold water
systems. It is also used in central heating systems.

Soft Copper Pipes Rigid Copper Pipes

Used as refrigerant lines in air Used best for water lines
conditioners and heat pumps. and also in gas lines.
MILD STEEL PIPES

Also known as Black Iron Pipe and mostly used in large scale
industries plumbing such as in factories, schools and hospitals.
Also used as pipes for gases.
Usually joined by threaded fittings and welding.
DISADVANTAGE: It can easily rust and corrode.
PLASTIC PIPES

Generally used as waste pipes from domestic sanitary ware.

Can be used as water pipes in sinks, bathrooms, ventilation pipes
and also in underground drainage.
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPES

Used in sewer systems because it can be easily made in

larger sizes and withstands almost every kind of corrosion.
CAST IRON PIPES

Commonly used in water pipes, soil pipes, ventilation pipes and sewers.
Its fittings are galvanized iron, galvanized steel and also cast iron.
BRONZE AND BRASS PIPES

Extensively used because they are non-corrodible except with

certain types of water.
 COMPONENTS
Fittings used in plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing
sections. They require money, time, materials and tools to be installed.

ELBOWS TEES REDUCERS COUPLINGS END CAPS

End feed

Solder ring

Push fit

Compression

Press fit
 ELBOWS
Long Radius Elbows are used in low-pressure
gravity-fed systems and other applications where
low turbulence and minimum deposition of
entrained solids are of concern.

Short Radius Elbows are widely available and

are typically used in pressurized systems.

90 Degree Elbow its main application is to

connect hoses to valves, water pressure pumps
and deck drains. They can be made from tough
nylon material.

45 Degree Elbow commonly used in water

supply facilities, food industrial pipeline network
systems, chemical industrial plumbing, electronic
industrial plumbing, air-conditioning facility,
agriculture and garden production.
 Tee most common pipe fitting. It is used to either combine or split a
fluid flow. It is T-shaped, having two outlets.

Reducers a component in a pipeline that allows to connect two pipes

of different sizes

Two types of Reducers: Concentric Reducer and Eccentric Reducer

The Concentric Reducer connects
pipes of unequal size but have a
common centre line.
The Eccentric Reducer is a fitting
manufactured with the smaller outlet off
center to the larger end which allows it
to align with only one side of the inlet.
 Couplings connects two pipes to each other. If the size of the pipe is
not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing coupler or reducer, or
an adapter.
Two types of Couplings: Slip and Regular couplings

Cap a type of fitting which covers the end of a pipe.

Union similar to a coupling except designed to allow quick and

convenient disconnection of pipes for maintenance. A standard union
pipe is made in 3 parts: nut, a female end and a male end.

Cross Fittings can generate a huge amount of stress on pipe as

temperature changes, because they are at the center of four connection
points. They are commonly used in fire sprinkler systems.
 Basic Tools and
Equipments in Plumbing
 Propane Torch
Portable, hand-held torch
which consists of a bottle
containing pressurized
propane gas with a
screwed-on burner nozzle.
The nozzle is used to direct
the burning gas, when it is
ignited, to be used for
soldering, brazing, etc.
Tongue-and-Groove Pliers
These pliers are the first
tool plumbers reach for
when they need to grab,
pull, twist, hold, tighten
or loosen something.
Hacksaw
A saw consisting of
a tough, fine-
toothed blade
stretched taut in a
frame, used for
cutting metal
Metal File

This tool removes

burrs and smooths the
edges of metal pipes
after cutting.
A burr is a raised edge or small
piece of material remaining
attached to a workpiece after a
modification process.
Basin Wrench
A plumbing tool for removing
and installing sink faucets. It
has a long handle that
reaches up from under a sink
to turn nuts on fittings and
faucets. The hinged jaw
repositions itself after each
turn. Its long handle with
spring tension pipe-gripping
jaws at the end allows a
plumber to reach up to grip
pipe nipples or tighten or
loosen nuts in tight, hard-to-
reach areas.
Pipe Wrench

A tool having two

toothed jaws, one fixed
and the other free to
grip pipes and other
tubular objects when
the tool is turned in one
direction only
Hand Auger

Sometimes called a
plumber's snake, this
hand-cranked drain-
clearing tool has a 25-ft.-
long flexible steel cable
that's effective at
clearing obstructions
from tubs, showers,
sinks, toilets and drain
lines.
Adjustable Wrench
This versatile tool is
required for working
on compression
fittings, supply lines
and other plumbing
parts that have hex-
shaped nuts.
 Tubing
Cutter
This essential
tool provides
the quickest,
cleanest way
to cut copper
pipe.
 Plunger
It's the first tool to grab
when you need to dislodge
clogs from sinks, tubs,
toilets, showers and floor
drains. When using it in a
toilet, press down, create a
firm seal around the drain,
and pull upward. The idea is
to vacuum the clog out, not
push it deeper.
Closet Auger
A manual clog-clearing tool
that's specifically designed
for toilets. Its long steel cable
is tough enough to grind
through the most stubborn
clogs.
Fire-Resistant
Cloth
A thick, specially treated
cloth that's used to
protect nearby
combustible surfaces
when soldering with an
open-flame propane
torch
Most Common Plumbing
Problems
 Dripping Faucet
Water entering the house is under pressure to
move it through the pipes. When you turn off
the tap, rubber or silicone-based washers form
a water-tight seal that prevents more water
from pushing its way through the pipes and
out of the faucet. Over time, washers can
become stiff, torn or dislodged, allowing a tiny
trickle of water through and creating that
annoying drip. While you can replace washers
yourself, the repair job can be more of a
challenge than you might expect without
specialized tools. If the leak has gone on long
enough, the valve seat may become worn or
corroded, necessitating a more involved repair
thats best left to a professional plumber.
 Low Water Pressure

When water that should gush only

trickles from the tap, you have low
water pressure. This problem
might not be related to the pipes
in your house but to the municipal
water supply. Its rare, but a break
in a main line can temporarily
reduce your water pressure. A
more common cause of this
problem is a build-up of deposits
or sediment on faucet aerators.
 Running Toilet

Toilets typically run when the

flapper valve that lets water
pass from the tank to the
bowl no longer fits properly,
the float is imbalanced or the
fill tube comes loose. Toilet
repair kits work for most
models and require little
effort to install.
 Leaky Pipes
Whether your regular inspection
reveals a puddle under a pipe or
you get an unpleasant surprise
when you reach under your sink,
leaks can be a costly nuisance.
Leaks usually happen at joints,
which is why commercial joint
fillers and fitting compounds
occupy plenty of shelf space in
your local hardware store. These
products are a temporary fix,
though; a permanent plumbing
repair may mean replacing a
length of pipe or its fittings.
 Slow or Clogged Drains

When the water that goes into your sink,

tub or toilet wont go out, you probably
have a partial or complete clog. In many
cases, your trusty plunger can fix the
problem. Plungers use air pressure to
dislodge a clog, but they cant remove it
entirely. Commercial drain cleaners and
clog removers are safe for most drains for
occasional use, but these caustic materials
can damage some pipe materials if used
too frequently. If youre dealing with clogs
on a regular basis, its time to call a pro.
QUIZ NO. 7
Questions:
1. Professional who designs the hot and cold water
system in your home
a. Plumber c. Pipe fitter
b. Plumbing Engineerd. architect

2. They carried sanitation to the highest and broadest

degree of development.
a. Romans c. Babylonians
b. Egyptians d. Americans
3.
Answers:
1. B
2. A