Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Case Selection
Case Selection
ENDODONTICS
INTRODUCTION
Diagnosis is the process of identifying a
disease by careful investigation of its
symptoms and history.
An accurate diagnosis is the result of
synthesis of scientific knowledge, clinical
experience, intuition and common sense. The
process is thus both an art and science.
ENDODONTIC TRIAD
HISTORICAL CONTEMPORARY
DIAGNOSIS
DEBRIDEMENT
SUCCESS
SUCCESS
PLAN OF TREATMENT
CHIEF COMPLAINT
Listen to your patient. He is trying to tell you what
is wrong with him. (Sir William Osler)
Chief complaint is the history of the symptoms
noted in the patients own words that describes the
symptoms causing the discomfort.
A proper diagnosis begins with information
about the patients chief complaint, along with the
objective findings found through clinical and
radiographic examinations coupled with
appropriate pulp tests.
Compare the patients signs and symptoms and
test results to known disease entities in the
differential diagnosis and select the closest match,
which becomes the operational or working
diagnosis.
An astute clinician always remains open to
further input that could modify the diagnosis
and potentially the treatment as the unfolding
of the information progresses.
The importance of accurate diagnosis cannot
be over emphasized.
PAIN
VISUAL EXAMINATION:
Extra oral examination
Intra oral examination
Soft tissues:
Color
Contour
Consistency
Sinus opening
VISUAL INSPECTION
COLOUR
Normal crown- life like translucency
Discolored opaque inflamed, degenerated or
necrotic pulp.
Calcified Canal Light Yellow Hue of the Crown
Pink Tooth Indicates Internal Resorption
CROWN CONTOUR
Wear Facets, Fractures and Restorations
Caries Examination
Diagnodent is useful for early caries diagnosis.
PALPATION
Digital pressure is used to check for tenderness
in the oral tissues overlying the suspected
teeth.
Bimanual palpation is most efficient to detect
incipient swellings before it is clinically
evident.
PERCUSSION
Normal resonant sound on percussion indicates
good periodontal ligament
Dull sound on percussion indicates ankylosis.
Response to percussion not only indicates the
involvement of the PDL but also the extent of
the inflammation.(degree of response directly
proportional to degree of inflammation).
Chronic periapical inflammation is often
negative to Percussion.
Inflammation of the PDL may be caused by
occlusion, trauma, sinusitis, periodontal
disease or extension of pulpal disease .
Percussion is not a test of pulp vitality.
PERIODONTAL
CONSIDERATIONS
Periodontal probing should be carried out by
sounding or walking the probe around the
tooth, while pressing gently on the floor of the
sulcus.
Horizontal bone loss with generalized pocket is
not as worrisome as isolated vertical bone loss
which frequently indicates vertical root
fracture.
MOBILITY
Tooth mobility provides an indication of the
integrity of the attachment apparatus.
Causes may be recent trauma, crown/root
fracture, chronic bruxism, habits and
orthodontic tooth movement.
Grade I Noticeable horizontal movement in its
socket.
Grade II within 1 mm of horizontal movement.
Grade III Horizontal movement greater than 1
mm and/or vertical depressibility.
As we move forward in this new millennium the
science of endodontology (endodontics) has
reached its leaps and bounds. The pathway to
the most probable diagnosis was enhanced
significantly with the popularization of electric
pulp testing and availability of information from
the dental radiographs.
OTTO WALKOFF who took the first dental
radiograph and EDMUND KELLS used it for
diagnosis during root canal treatment deserve a
mention for their pioneering work in our field.
RADIOGRAPHS
Radiographs are an important and necessary adjunct
in Endodontics. Periapical and Bite wing
radiographs are mainly used.
Accurate radiographic techniques and proper
interpretation are essential for sound diagnosis and
treatment.
Radiographs are used for determining pulpal
anatomy prior to access openings.
Establishing working length.
Confirm master cone placement and for evaluating
the success of treatment.
Bite wing radiographs are helpful to
Detect recurrent decay
Detect the depth of pulp chamber.
Peri radicular pathosis / bone destruction is
not evident in the radiograph, until there is
significant erosion of the cortical plate because
bone loss is confined to the cancellous bone.
With a mineral content of 52% of the cortical
bone, there must be a 6.6% loss of bone
mineral in order for the lesion to become
radiographically visible.
Features seen in high quality periapical
radiographs (ortho radial projection) include
caries
Sharp outline of the root
Tooth length
Number of roots and canals
Calcification
Hard tissue deposits
Internal/External resorption
Periapical lesions
Perforations
Fractures
CARIES
Caries progression is divided into five
radiographic grades
Grade 1 Caries in enamel
Grade 2 Reaches the DE junction
Grade 3 Radiolucency extends halfway
into dentin thickness
Grade 4 Deeper dentin
Grade 5 involving the pulp
Caries Examination
Receding pulp horn age changes,
chronic carious lesion
In Posterior teeth,
Mesial Carious Lesion more
commonly involves pulp,
Distal Carious Lesion Silent Killer
takes a longer time.
Deep caries involvement of mesial
Pulp horn causes minimal periapical
changes either in mesial/distal root.
The morphological features to be noted
regarding root canal anatomy
Length longer or shorter
Shape Blunder buss
Taurodontism
Dens in Dente
Root with bulbous ends
Curved canals Degree of curvature
X-ray exposed at 15 horizontal angle can help
visualize curvature in bucco-lingual plane.
Number of canals
Always look and expect for extra canals
(Mandibular Incisor & Premolar, Maxillary
First Molar)
When large canals stop abruptly, look
for branching
Resorption
Internal resorption Continuous with canal
External resorption Super imposed.
Calcification
Can be either isolated or continuous
FRACTURES
Vertical Root Fractures
- Cannot be seen through radiographs
- Look for haziness surrounding the roots
Transillumination
Fiber optic wand, otoscope with fiber optic
attachment or fiber optic hand piece may be used.
Composite curing lights are not recommended as they
may illuminate the entire crown and not highlight the
fracture line as with fiber optics.
Tooth slooth
Horizontal and oblique fractures
- Two x-rays are needed to locate
these fractures
Things to look for in radiographs
Cervical burnout :
It is a diffuse radiolucent area on the proximal
side. Decreased x-ray absorption in that area
should not to be confused with root caries.
Lamina dura:
Parallel well defined
Oblique diffuse
Thickened/dense Heavy occlusal forces
Intact lamina dura Vital pulp
Alveolar Crest:
- Normal 1.5 mm from the C-E junction
- Crest of bone is continuous with the
lamina dura and forms a sharp angle
with junctional epithelium
- Rounding of this sharp junction
indicates periodontal disease.
Periodontal ligament space
- Space is thinner in middle of the root
and widened near alveolar crest and
root apex.
NORMAL ANATOMIC LANDMARKS IN
MAXILLA
INTERMAXILLAR
Y
SUTURE
Seen between
incisors
ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE
Symmetrical
Variable position
May be present at
the apex of the
central incisor
roots and even up
to the alveolar
crest.
SUPERIOR FORAMINA OF
NASOPALATINE CANAL
Occasionally
appear when
exaggerated
vertical angle is
used.
MAXILLARY SINUS
Close proximity of
root apices to
maxillary sinus.
MANDIBLE
SYMPHISIS
GENIAL TUBERCLE Seen in occlusal
radiograph.
MENTAL FOSSA Present in the labial
aspect of mandible.
MENTAL FORAMEN - Seen half way
between lower border of mandible and crest of
alveolar process, usually in the region of apex
of second premolar and its position is
influenced by angulation.
MANDIBULAR CANAL
Patient asymptomatic
If sinus tract present, referred to as
suppurative
Percussion produces little or no discomfort
CLI NI CAL CHARACTERI STI CS OF
ACUTE ALVEOLAR ABSCESS