Electricity and Magnetism

Digital electronics
 Capacitor
Capacitors store small amounts of
electric charge.
They are used in smoothing circuits
and
time delay circuits.
 L.D.R
(Light dependent resistor)
LDR have a high resistance in the
dark but a low resistance in the light.
They can be used in electronic
circuits which switch lights on and off
automatically.
 Thermistor
(temperature - dependent resistor)

Thermistors have a high resistance

when cold but a much lower
resistance when hot.
They can be used in some electrical
thermometers to detect temperature
change.
Diodes
A diode is simply semiconductor.
The current flow freely through the
device when forward biased, having
no resistance.
When reverse biased, the diode
would have infinite resistance,
causing zero current flow.

5
 Half-wave Rectifier
The term rectify is used to describe the
conversion of ac into dc.
In the circuit shown, only one-half of the input
waveform is allowed to pass through to the
output.

6
 Potential divider
The potential divider is an
arrangement that delivers only a
poroportion of the voltage from a
battery.
 Potential divider
The lower resistor has half the total
resistance of the two resistors, so its
share of the batterys voltage is also
a half.
 Potential divider
If one of the resistors is replaced by a
variable resistor, the output voltage
can be varied. Here, it can range
from 0 to 3V, depending on the
setting on the variable resistor.
 Potential divider
If one of the resistors has been
replaced by a capacitor. If you close
the switch, the output voltage takes
around half a minute to rise from 0 to
6V as the capacitor gradually
charges up.
 Reed switch
A reed switch is operated by a magnetic
field.
Reed switches consist of two
ferromagnetic blades (or reeds)
hermetically sealed inside a glass case.
When a magnet is
moved near, the reeds
become magnetized
and attract each other.
 Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor
device used to switch and amplify
electronic signals and power.
Transistors have three terminals
called the emitter, the base and the
collector.
 Switching a transistor
on.
In the diagram, the transistor has a
blocking effect. It is switched off.
In other words, no current can flow
throght it and the bulb is off.
 Switching a transistor
on.
Now, a small battery is connected
between the base and the emitter.
A tiny current now flows through the
base and this alters the way the
transistor behaves.
 Switching a transistor
on.
The blocking effect vanishes. The
transistor conducts and the bulb
lights up.
 Switching a transistor
on.
You may replace the extra battery by
a potential divider.
 Switching a transistor
on.
When the variable resistor resistance
increases its voltage also increases.
When the voltage is about 0.6 V, the
transistor switches on and the bulb
lights.
 Digital Signals

Digital signals have only two values,

1 and 0, or
High Voltage and low voltage, or
On and off, or
True and false.

High Voltage
On 1

Off 0 Low Voltage

 Introduction to Logic
Many digital electronic processes are designed around logic circuits.

The Inputs and Outputs in logic have only two values:

0 & 1;
High & Low;
On & Off;
True and False.

Logic is ideally suited to help design digital electronic circuits because of

its binary nature.

We will look at some fundamental logic circuits.

 Logic: Switches in Series

S1 S2 Lit

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
S1 S2

The bulb will light only under certain conditions: what?

The bulb will turn on only when switches S1 and S2 are closed, for all
other combinations the bulb is off.
 Logic: Switches in Parallel

S1 S2 Lit

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
S1
1 1 1

S2

The bulb will light under certain conditions: what?

The bulb will turn on when switches S1 or S2 are closed, for all other
combinations the bulb is off.
 Logic: Opposites!

S Lit
S
0 1
1 0

The bulb will light under certain conditions: what?

Complete the following:

The bulb will turn on when switch S is close, and turn off when switch S is
open

This circuit is for illustration only!

If this was a real circuit, what would happen to the battery when
switch S was closed?
 Truth Tables
The tables on the previous pages are truth tables.

Truth Tables list:

All combinations of all possible inputs,
Every Output for each combination of inputs.

There are special circuits called logic gates which can be used in control
situations.

S1 S2 Lit S1 S2 Lit S1 Lit

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
 Logic Gates: AND

AND
Truth Table

A B Q

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
Two-Input AND Gate
1 1 1

The output of an AND gate is 1 only when all inputs are 1.

Only when Input A AND Input B are 1, the output is 1.

 Logic Gates: OR

OR
Truth Table

A B Q

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
Two-Input OR Gate 1 1 1

The output of an OR gate is 1 when any input is 1.

When Input A OR Input B is 1, the output is 1.

 Logic Gates: NOT

NOT
Truth Table

A Q

0 1
1 0
NOT Gate

Note that NOT gates have only one input.

The output of a NOT gate is the opposite of the input.

When Input A is 0, the output is 1.

When Input A is 1, the output is 0
 Summary of Logic Gates and Truth Tables
Logic gates may have one or more inputs.

AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

A B Q A B Q A Q

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

Truth Tables list:

Every Output for every combination of inputs.
 Combinational Logic Circuits
Combinational Logic Circuits are simply circuits using a combination of
AND, OR and NOT gates.

You are expected to design Logic Circuits and Truth Tables of simple
combinational logic circuits.
 Logic Circuit #1: Cars Hot Engine
When a cars engine becomes too hot an LED should lightbut only
when the ignition is switched on.

Ignition
Switch 1

LED
Temperature 1
Sensor

Truth Table Here, the truth table is simply

Ignition Temperature Output that for an AND Gate.
Switch Sensor LED
For the LED to light, the
Off Cold Off Ignition Switch must be on and
Off Hot Off the Temperature Sensor must
On Cold Off be hot.
On Hot On
 Logic Circuit #2: Central Heating Pump
Derive a logic circuit that will turn on a Central Heating Systems
pump when the house is cold and the Central Heating System is
turned on.

This time lets find the truth table first: Truth Table
House is Cold = 0 ; House is Hot = 1 House CHS Pump
CHS is Off = 0; CHS is On = 1
Cold Off Off
Cold On On
Hot Off Off
Central Hot On Off
Heating
1
House CHS Pump
Pump
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1
Temperature 1 0 0
Sensor
1 1 0
 Logic Circuit #3: Greenhouse Heater
Derive a logic circuit that will turn on a heater in a greenhouse only
when it gets cold at night.

Truth Table: Truth Table

Greenhouse Cold = 0 ; Hot = 1 Green Day/ Heater
Dark = 0; Light = 1 house Night

Cold Night On
Cold Day Off
Hot Night Off
Light Hot Day Off
Sensor
0 1
Green D/N Heater

0 1 Heater 0 0 1
0 1 0
Temperature 1 0 0
Sensor
1 1 0
 Summary of Combinational Logic Circuits
Combinational Logic Circuits are simply combinations
of AND, OR and NOT gates.

Constructing Logic Circuits

1) Make a Truth Table.
2) Get the logic circuit from the Truth Table.

Tip: If the circuit has only one high output

then the circuit will probably use an AND Gate.
Tip: If the circuit has more than one high output
then the circuit will probably use an OR Gate.
Tip: Note how useful NOT gates are!