PAVEMENT

ENGINEERING
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola

Dr. Ing. Andrs Sotil Chvez

Class 1
Course Overview
SYLLABUS REVIEW
Professors contact information
Email: profandressotil@hotmail.com
Cell phone: 968-85-79-84

Your information
Name
Email

Prof. Andres Sotil

BOOK REFERENCES

Prof. Andres Sotil

 PERUVIAN PAVEMENT GUIDE
1. Introduction
2. Scope
3. Road Elements
4. Soils
5. Material and Water Sources
6. Traffic
7. Weather
8. Drainage
9. Soil Stabilization
10. Pavement Materials
11. Dirt Roads
12. Flexible Pavements
13. Semirigid Pavements
14. Rigid Pavements Prof. Andrs Sotil
 PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN
1. Introduction
2. Stresses and Strains in Flexible Pavements
3. KENLAYER Computer Program
4. Stresses and Deflections in Rigid Pavements
5. KENSLABS Computer Program
6. Traffic Loading and Volume
7. Material Characterization
8. Drainage Design
9. Pavement Performance
10. Reliability
11. Flexible Pavement Design
12. Rigid Pavement Design
13. Design of Overlays
14. Appendices Prof. Andrs Sotil
PAVEMENT ENGINEERING
Input
Traffic
Weather
Terrain conditions
Available materials
Structural designs
Pavement Analysis
Stress and Strain Analysis
Behavior Analysis, Interpolation and
Extrapolation
Pavement Performance
Drainage conditions
Pavement Management Systems Prof. Andrs Sotil
 PAVEMENT ANALYSIS AND
DESIGN
Empirical Mechanistic-
Mechanistic
Approach Empirical
Approach
Approach

Discussion of Peruvian Pavement Design

Guide
Introduction and History of Pavement Design
Approaches
Scope of Peruvian Guide

AASHTO Methodologies
HDM III and IV
 NATIONAL ROAD SYSTEM
(URBAN) - MVCS

No data available, estimated at 130,000 km

Rural (MTC) : 166,114 km

Urban (MVCS) : 130,000 km
Total Network (Est.) : 300,000 km

http://www.mtc.gob.pe/transportes/caminos/normas_carreteras/mapas_vi
ales.html
 IIRSA
Iniciativa para la
Integracin de la
Infraestructura
Regional
Sudamericana
South American
Regional Infrastructure
Integration Initiative
http://www.iirsa.org/

Prof. Andrs Sotil

The Interstate Highway System was built in the
1950s to connect with a four-lane total-Access-
PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Unpaved Roads
Dirt Roads Gravel Roads

Improved Dirt Roads Stabilized Dirt

Roads
PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Paved Roads
Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement

Semi-Rigid Pavement
 Traffic
Traffic Construction
Construction

ROAD
ROAD
Design
Design Materials
Materials
INFRASTR.
INFRASTR.
Struct Geom
Struct Geom Asph
Asph Conc
Conc

Evaluation &&
Evaluation Advanced
Advanced
Performance
Performance Topics
Topics
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
Traffic : Traffic Engineering (Sotil)
Construction : Tpicos Especiales de
Infraestructura Vial (Lazo)
Structural Dsg : Pavement Engineering
(Sotil)
Geometric Dsg : Highway Engineering
(Sanchez)
Asphalt Matls: Tecnologa de Mezclas
Asflticas
(Escalante)
Concrete Matls : Tecnologa del Concreto I y II
(Sotomayor, Torre)
 CONVENTIONAL vs.
MODERN
APPROACHES
Structural Design

Asphalt Mixture Design

DATA IN THE U.S.
Safety
41,059 people died in 2007 on American roads
and 2.5 million people suffered injuries
USA spent $230,000 million / year in accidents
(medical expenses, lost productivity, travel
delays, job expenses, insurance and legal fees)
Congestion
Users lost 4,200 million hours in traffic per year
at a cost of US$ 78,200 millones or $710 /
driver.
Lost fuel consumption was 2.900 million gallons
in 2005.

Prof. Andrs Sotil

DATA IN THE U.S.
Infrastructure Condition
Poor road conditions lead to vehicle decay,
which also increases accidents and delays
From 1980 to 2005, the road system increased
in just 3.5% in length
During the same period, automobiles quantity
increased in 94% and trucks in 105%
From 1994 to 2004, tons transported in a truck
increased in 33%

What is the result of these new conditions?

Prof. Andrs Sotil

PERUVIAN
TRAFFIC
MTC has maps
regarding amount of
vehicles on the SINAC

Which is the busiest

highway / freeway /
road in Peru?

Prof. Andrs Sotil

TRAFFIC (LIMA &
SURROUNDINGS)
PERUVIAN
ROADS
PERUVIAN TRAFFIC DATA
(2001 2010)

Prof. Andrs Sotil

PERUVIAN TRAFFIC DATA
43.8% are private vehicles
15.4% are station wagons

14.6% heavy-
load vehicles
AIRPORTS
Corpac (Nacional)
Lima Airport Partners
(LAP)
Aeropuertos del Per
(ADP)
Anta Cajamarca
Chachapoyas Chiclayo
Iquitos Pisco
Piura Pucallpa
Talara Tarapoto
Trujillo Tumbes
Aeropuertos Andinos del
Per (AAP)
Arequipa Ayacucho Prof. Andrs Sotil
 PAVEMENT
GENERAL
CONCEPTS
Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola

Dr. Ing. Andrs Sotil Chvez

BASIC CONCEPTS
Pavement structures are made of processed
materials placed on top of each other and on top
of natural terrain with the purpose of distributing
reduced vehicle traffic loads
Pavement structures are supposed to provide:
An acceptable riding quality
An acceptable resistance to permanent deformation,
cracking and sliding
Proper light reflection levels and low noise levels
The final objective of the pavement structure is to
transmit the wheel loads in such a way that it
does not surpass the subgrade loading capacity.

Prof. Andres Sotil

PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Wheel
Loads

Paved Layer
Base / Subbases

Subgrade

Prof. Andres Sotil

TO BE OR NOT TO BE
The typical question is Concrete or
Asphalt?

The answer is IT DEPENDS

In Peru, concrete pavements are almost non-

existent:

Reasons?

Prof. Andrs Sotil

FLEXIBLE vs. RIGID
FLEXIBLE
Estimated Service
Life between 10 to RIGID
20 years Estimated Service Life
Low initial costs between 20 to 30 yars
Continuous (in Lima even 50)
maintenance High initial costs
Easy to repair but Requires continuous
needs to be but minimal
continuous if not maintenance (only at
properly maintained the joints)
Hard to repair but
sporadic
Prof. Andrs Sotil
FLEXIBLE vs. RIGID
FLEXIBLE
Additional layers can
be added at any time RIGID
Anti-sliding Placing layers on top
properties are not causes reflective
lost cracking
Less rough and noisy It withstands
Withstands a wider groundwater flooding
temperatura range (PEM vs JUL example)
Requires properly
level base/subbase
layers

Prof. Andrs Sotil

LOAD TRANSFER
Pavimentos Flexibles

Pavimentos Rgidos

Prof. Andres Sotil

BASE AND SUBBASE
Flexible Pavements
1) Structural Support
2) Drainage
3) Frosting Prevention/Control
4) Reducing the subgrade volumen change effect

Rigid Pavements
1) Drainage
2) Pumping prevention
3) Frosting Prevention/Control
4) Reducing the subgrade volumen change effect
5) Platform construction
Prof. Andrs Sotil
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Continuous and Rapid Deterioration
Compared to structures like buildings, pavements
deriorate much faster
Buildings and dams have life expectancy of 50-100
years

Withstands repetitive (dynamic) loading

Building have static and dynamic (repetitive and
control) loading
Roads and airports do not have static loading, and
the dynamic loading is varied and uncontrolled
Prof. Andrs Sotil
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Different loading configurations

Uniaxial
Uniaxial Biaxial
One tire
Dual tires Dual tires

Different loading magnitudes

Unpredictable suspension conditions
Channelized traffic Aircraft

Prof. Andrs Sotil

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Material properties change with the environment
Temperature
Rain
Asphalt aging
Frosting / Defrosting
Different subgrade conditions along the project
CBR < 6% example
Multilayer System
How many layers are there in a Wall? Beam?
Column?

Prof. Andrs Sotil

UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
OF PAVEMENT STRUCTURES
Non-conventional failure definition
When does a column fail?
When does a building fail?
When does a bridge fail?
When does a road / pavement fail?

Distress (Damage) vs. Failure

Distress: permanent deformation and cracking
Failure: unacceptable damage conditions

Prof. Andrs Sotil

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
TYPICAL DISTRESSES
MEPDG has defined 4 main distresses:
Fatigue cracking (alligator cracking)
Permanent deformation (rutting)
Thermal cracking
Roughness (IRI International Roughness Index)
Other distresses
Bleeding
Shoveling
Other cracking distresses

Prof. Andres Sotil

RIGID PAVEMENT TYPICAL
DISTRESSES
Typical distresses are:
Cracking
Longitudinal
Transverse

Pumping
Faulting (different slab elevation)
Slab deterioration
Slab fracture
Joint distresses

Prof. Andres Sotil

 PAVEMENT
PERFORMANCE
W
HE
N
UN YO
$ U
CONDITION (PCI, PSI, %)

CO TIL CO
NS W NS
$$ I D HE
ER N ID
ER
ED IS FA
AC A P IL
CE AVE UR
PT M E?
$$$ AB EN
LE T
?

$$$$

AGE (Time, Traffic)

Pavement engineers and research universities
have dedicated the last 60 years trying to
understand the behavior behind pavement
Prof. Andrs Sotil