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Can Positive Emotion Induction Reduce Negative Reactions Among Adolescents Cyberbullying Victims?
Can Positive Emotion Induction Reduce Negative Reactions Among Adolescents Cyberbullying Victims?
Can Positive Emotion Induction Reduce Negative Reactions Among Adolescents Cyberbullying Victims?
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Hypothesis
Results
Discussion & Conclusion
Introduction & Literature Review
Purpose
at kind of feeling did you have when you are bullied in the cyber spa
70 64
60
50.7
50
40 32.1
27.5
30
17.2
20 15.7 14.5 15.9 12.2 13.3
7.2 7.2
10 3.1 1.7
0
0
Chung and Kim (2013)
70 65
60
45.9
50
38.7
40 31.7
28.4 29.9
30
20
7.3
10 2.1 3.9
0.9
0
Literature Review
Functions of Positive Affect
compared to Negative Affect
Literature Review
Functions of Positive Affect
compared to Negative Affect
Literature Review
Functions of Positive Affect
compared to Negative Affect
Literature Review
Functions of Positive Affect
compared to Negative Affect
Literature Review
How to enhance positive affect
mood induction
Participants Sex
Males 9 8 17
Females 8 7 15
Cyberbullied experience
Yes 4 3 7
No 13 12 25
Total 17 15 32
Experiment 2
Sex
Males 10 10 20
Females 7 7 14
Total 17 17 34
Experiment 3
Sex
Males 17 18 35
Females 15 14 29
Cyberbullying experience
Yes 5 7 12
No 27 25 52
Research Method - Measures
Research Method - Measures
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4
depression
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
anxiety
10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
14 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
16 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Positive feeling
17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
19 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Research Method - Measures
Research Method - Measures
Video Taping
FIGURE 16
Experiment 3_Feeling adjective selection
30.0 27.2
25.5
25.0 23.1
20.0
15.817.1
15.0 13.1 12.412.7
10.1
10.0 7.5 8.7 8.1
5.9 7.0 6.9
5.0 5.2
5.0 3.7
0.0
TABLE 15
Experiment 3_Repeated measures MANOVA of feeling adjective selection
Mean Square df F
positive
3125.906 2 33.712***
feeling
FIGURE 17
Experiment 3_ Photo facial expression assumption
3.50
2.88
3.00 2.69 2.84 2.63
2.50 2.25 2.13
1.97
2.00 1.78
1.50 1.19
1.00 0.91
1.00 0.81
0.50
0.00
pre cyberbulling mood induction pre cyberbulling mood induction
positive negative
experiment group control group
Research Results
Experiment 3 Cyberbullying, Mood induction
FIGURE 18
Experiment 3_ Negative assumption frequency
no. of participants
12
10 10
9
8 8
7 7
experiment
6 6
control
5
4 4
3
2
1 1
0 no. of negative
0 1 2 3 4 5 assumptions
Research Results
Experiment 3 Cyberbullying, Mood induction
FIGURE 19 TABLE 19
Emotional words memory test MANOVA
8.00
7.22 Wilks Lambda was .836 [F(3,60) =
7.00
6.38 3.922, p<.05]
6.00
5.00
Mean
4.00
3.44 df F
Square
3.00
2.31 2.38
1.91 no. of positive
2.00 20.250 1 9.049**
words
1.00 no. of
negative 3.516 1 2.364
0.00
words
no. of total
11.391 1 2.108
words
experiment group control group
**p<.01, *p<.05
Research Results
Experiment 3 Cyberbullying, Mood induction
FIGURE 20 TABLE 20
% of memorized words MANOVA
60.00
Wilks Lambda was .901 [F(2,61) =
50.00 47.94 3.361, p<.05]
*p<.05
0.00
pos_% neg_%
FIGURE 21
Experiment 3_ facial and hands expression
3.50
3.03
3.00
2.50 2.28 2.38
1.97
2.00 1.69 1.78 1.63
1.50
1.00 0.66
0.50 0.38
0.50 0.22
0.06
0.00
pre cyberbulling mood induction pre cyberbulling mood induction
positive negative
experiment group control group
Research Results
Experiment 3 Cyberbullying, Mood induction
Using Wilks lambda, multivariate significance for the group classification main
effect was established, F(4,59)= 6.236, p<.001
TABLE 22
Experiment 3_Repeated measures ANOVA of facial and hands expression
Mean Square df F
***p<.001
Discussion
The negative effects of cyberbullying were revealed
from experiment 1 and 3
self report feeling adjectives selection, emotional words
memory and recording faces and hands movement
cyberbullying make students socially anxious, loneliness,
frustration, sadness, and helplessness (Geller, Goodstein,
Silver, & Sternberg, 1974; Kowalski, Limber, & Agaston, 2008;
Leary, 1990; Rigby, 2008; Williams, Cheung, & Choi, 2000)
facial expression photo interpretation - numbers of negatively
biased interpretation of both groups were not significantly
different.
Discussion
The positive effects of positive mood induction were
revealed from experiment 2 and 3
self report feeling adjectives selection, emotional words
memory and recording faces and hands movement
positive affect generation makes students recover quickly from
their stressful events (e.g. Fredrickson, 1998; Fredrickson,
Mancuso, Branigan, & Tugade, 2000; Kirschenbaum, Tomarken,
and Humphery, 1985)
facial expression photo interpretation - numbers of negatively
biased interpretation of both groups were not significantly
different.
frequency data shows a little difference
Limitation & Further
Research
tested only middle school students, and conducted the
experiment in 30 minutes.
other students (e.g. elementary school students) for general conclusion
experiment time was a little short
Facial photo - not only frequency test but also intensity test (for a
review, see Matsumoto, & Ekman, 1988, 1989).
need to think about how to induce positive affect in
counseling situation.
cognitively self-referent statement and feedback methods
more sophisticated methods for our clients
real cyberbullying situation should be conducted.
driven by experimental situation
in real situation, there might be more extra variables which I cannot
control
we need to test the effect of positive affect to really cyberbullied
students.
Thank You !