SAMPLE AND STANDARDS

Andi Tenri Nurwahidah

Nining Sintia Dewi
Dewi Puspita
Hamdan Hidayat

CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
MATH AND NATURAL SCIENCE FACULTY
HALU OLEO UNIVERSITY
KENDARI
2015
Analytical Standards and Calibration
Curves
6.1 Simple Linear
Function
The gegenral equation for a linear function, expressed in concentration terms
is given by Eq. 6.1a.

mC (6.1a)
b

There, = meausred parameter

C = concertration of analyte
m = proportionally constant
b = a constant term (often considered as the experimental blank value)

A blank value can be defined as a measurement made on a sample, following

an estabilished procedur, but where the analyte was not added to the sample.
The proportionalty constant m is goven by the slope of the graph illustrated in
Fig. 6.1a and ca be calculated as below.
m tan MN LM
(6.1b)

When measuring KM and MN, always remember to relate these t the scale on
youre axes, and do not measure purely in terms of distance.

Fig. 6.1b shows a tyical calibration plot for an analytical method obeying the
equation
mC b
Calculate the slope of the line.
From Fig. 6.1b as labelled

m = MN/LM = 20/0.20 = 10 x 102

Determinate errors are defined as measureable error which in theory have a

definite value and which can be allowed for during the analysis. They may be
caused by the analyst, the instrument, or the method.
In a colorimetric determination of formaldehyde (methanal) the following
result were used to construct a calibration graph :

Mass of formaldehyde Absorbance

(g)
0 0.036
20.0 0.154
40.0 0.273
60.0 0.389
80.0 0.507
100.0 0.626

Is The methode exhibiting a determinate error?

In order to see if there a determinate error the blank value must be subtraced
from all the sample values and then a graph of corrected absorbance against
mass of formaldehyde should be constructed.

Mass of formaldehyde Corrected absorbance

(g)
20.0 0.118
40.0 0.237
60.0 0.353
80.0 0.471
100.0 0.590
As all of the points lie on straight line which can be extrapolated through the
origin, the method has been shown, within wxperimental error, to have no
determonate error. In fact equation now becomes that originally shown in Eq.
5.3b.

Ie
mC a

It should be obvious that a positive intercept may arise from the presence of
the analyte in the reagents used in the analytical method. It may be less
obvious how a negative intercept can be occur. One way, is in
spectrophotometric measurment on solutions, when unmatchedd cells are
used the reference cell absorbs more rediation than the sample cell.
6.2 Non-Linear Calibration Plots