Chapter 31A -

Electromagnetic Induction
A PowerPoint Presentation by
Paul E. Tippens, Professor of
Physics
Southern Polytechnic State
2007
University
Objectives: After completing
this module, you should be
able to:
Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the induced current or
emf in a conductor moving with
respect
Calculatetothe
a given B-field
magnetic . through
flux
an area in a given B-field.
Apply Lenzs law and the right-hand
rule to determine directions of
induced
Describeemf.
the operation and use of ac
and dc generators or motors.
 Induced Current
When aa conductor
When conductor moves
moves B
across flux
across flux lines,
lines,
magnetic forces
magnetic forces onon the
the
Dow I
free electrons
free electrons induce
induce anan
n I
electric current.
electric current.
Right-hand force
Right-hand force rule
rule
shows current
shows current outward
outward for for
down and
down and inward
inward forfor up
up Up
motion. (Verify)
motion. (Verify)
Dow Up v F
n
B B
F v
 Induced EMF:
Observations
B Flux lines in
Faradays observations:
Wb
Relative motion induces
emf.
Direction of emf depends N turns; velocityv
on direction of motion.
Faradays Law:
Emf is proportional to
rate at which lines are
cut (v). E =-N
t
Emf is proportional to the
number of turns N.
The negative sign means that E opposes its
cause.
 Magnetic Flux Density
Magnetic flux
lines are B A
A
continuous and
closed.
Direction is that
of the B vector Magnetic Flux
at any point. density:

BB ;;
When
When area
area AA is
is
perpendicular
perpendicular to to == BA
BA
AA
flux:
flux:
The unit of flux density is the weber per square
meter.
 Calculating Flux When
Area is Not Perpendicular
to Field
The flux penetrating
the area A when the n
normal vector n A
makes an angle of

with the B-field is:

BA cos
BAcos B

The angle is the complement of the angle

that the plane of the area makes with B field.
(Cos = Sin )
Example 1: A current loop has an area of
40 cm2 and is placed in a 3-T B-field at the
given angles. Find the flux through the
loop in each case.
x x x n n
xx x n
A
x xx
x x x
x x x
Ax = 40 (a) = (b) = (c) =
cm2 00 900 600
(a) = BA cos 00 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(1); 12.0
mWb
(b) = BA cos 900 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0); 0
mWb
(c) = BA cos 600 = (3 T)(0.004 m2)(0.5); 6.00
mWb
Application of Faradays
Law
Faradays Law: A change in flux can
occur by a change in
area or by a change in
E =-N the B-field:
t = B = A
A B
Rotating loop = B Loop at rest = A
A n B
n

n
Example 2: A coil has 200 turns of area 30
cm2. It flips from vertical to horizontal
position in a time of 0.03 s. What is the
induced emf if the constant B-field is 4
N = 200 turns
mT
A ?
= 30 cm2 0 = 30 n
cm2
= B A = (3 mT)(30
cm2) N B S
= (0.004 T)(0.0030
m2 )
= 1.2 x 10-5 B = 4 mT; 00 to
Wb 90 0

1.2 x 10-5 Wb
E N (200) EE =
= -0.080
-0.080
t 0.03 s
VV
The negative sign indicates the polarity of the
voltage.
 Lenzs Law
Lenzs
Lenzs law:
law: An
An induced
induced current
current will
will be
be inin such
such aa
direction
direction as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will
oppose
oppose the
the motion
motion of
of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that is
is
producing
producing it.
it.
Induced Induced
B B
Left II Right motion
motion
N S N S
I
Flux increasing to left Flux decreasing by right
induces loop flux to the move induces loop flux to
right. the left.
Example 3: Use Lenzs law to determine
direction of induced current through R if
switch is closed for circuit below (B
increasing).
Close switch. Then what
is direction of induced
current?

The rising
The rising current
current in in right
right circuit
circuit causes
causes fluxflux toto
increase to
increase to the
the left
left,, inducing
inducing current
current inin left
left circuit
circuit
that must
that must produce
produce aa rightward
rightward field
field to
to oppose
oppose
motion.. Hence
motion Hence current
current II through
through resistor
resistor RR is is to
to
the right
the right as
as shown.
shown.
 Directions
Directions of
of x x x x x
x x x
x x x x xI x x
x
Forces
Forces and
and EMFs
EMFs x x x x x x x x
x x I x x x xv xv x
An
An emfemf EE isis induced
induced by by x x x x Lx x x x
moving
moving wire wire at at x x x x x x x x
velocity x x x x x x x
velocity vv in in constant
constant x x x xx x
BB field.
field. Note
Note direction
direction
of
of I.I.
From x x
From Lenzs
Lenzs law,
law, we we see
see I I
that B xx x
that aa reverse
reverse fieldfield (out)
(out) x x v
is
is created.
created. This This field
field xx x
causes
causes aa leftward
leftward force force x x
v
on
on the
the wire
wire that
that offers
offers x x
resistance x x B
resistance to to the
the Induce
motion. x x
Lenzs law
motion. Use Use right-hand
right-hand d emf
force
force rulerule to
to show
show this.
this.
 Motional EMF in a Wire
Force F on charge q in
wire: x x x x x xI x
x x x x x x F
F= Work = FL = B
qvB; qvBL x x x x x x
Work qvBL x Ix x x x x
E= x x x xL xv x
q q v
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
EMF: E
E==BLv
BLv x x x
x

If wire of length L moves with

velocity v an angle with B: B

v sin
v
EE=
=BLv sin
BLvsin
Induced Emf
E
 Example 4: A 0.20-m length of wire
moves at a constant speed of 5 m/s in
at 1400 with a 0.4-T B-Field. What is the
magnitude and direction of the induced
emf inEthe
= BLv sin
wire? v North

E = (0.4 T)(0.20 m)(5 m/s) sin140 0 B

E = -0.257 Sout
V h
North
Using
Using right-hand
right-hand rulerule,, point
point v I
fingers
fingers to
to right,
right, thumb
thumb along
along B
velocity,
velocity, and
and hand
hand pushes
pushes in in
direction
direction of
of induced
induced emfto
emfto
the Sout
the north
north inin the
the diagram.
diagram. h
 The AC Generator
An alternating AC
Rotating Loop in B-
current is produced by field B
rotating a loop in a v I
constant B-field.
Current on left is I v
outward by right-hand
B
rule.
The right segment has
an inward current.
When loop is vertical,
the current is zero.

I in R is right, zero, left, and then zero as loop

rotates.
Operation of AC Generator

I=0

I=0
 Calculating Induced EMF
Rectangular
loop a x b a n . n
B
Each segment B
b
a has constant b/2 x v
velocity v. Area A =
ab
Both segments a moving v = r
with v at angle with B n
gives emf: B
E = Bav sin ; v r b 2
v
r=
ET 2 Ba b
2 sin x
b/2
v sin
EET BA
BAsin
sin
T
Sinusoidal Current of
Generator
.

x
.

x
+E

-E
The emf varies sinusoidally with max and
min emf

For N turns, the EMF is: E NBA sin

 Example 5: An ac generator has 12
turns of wire of area 0.08 m2. The loop
rotates in a magnetic field of 0.3 T at a
frequency of 60 Hz. Find the maximum
= 2f =emf.
induced 2(60Hz) = 377
rad/s
. n
Emf is maximum when = B
90
E = NBA ; Since
0
. sin 1
max x
Emax =(12)(0.3 T)(.08 m 2 )(377 rad/s) f = 60 Hz

The maximum emf generated is Emax = 109

therefore: V
IfIf the
the resistance
resistance is
is known,
known, then
then Ohms
Ohms law
law ((VV =
= IR
IR))
can
can be
be applied
applied to
to find
find the
the maximum
maximum induced
induced
current.
current.
 The DC Generator
The simple ac Commutato
generator can be r
converted to a dc
generator by using a
single split-ring
commutator to reverse
connections twice per
E
revolution. t
DC Generator

For
For the
the dc
dc generator:
generator: The
The emf
emf fluctuates
fluctuates in
in
magnitude,
magnitude, but
but always
always has
has the
the same
same direction
direction
(polarity).
(polarity).
 The Electric Motor
In
In aa simple
simple electric
electric motor
motor,, aa current
current loop
loop
experiences
experiences aa torque
torque which
which produces
produces rotational
rotational
motion.
motion. Such
Such motion
motion induces
induces aa back
back emf
emf to
to
oppose
oppose thethe motion.
motion.
Applied voltage back
emf = net voltage E
b

VV EEbb =
= IR
IR I
Since
Since back
back emf
emf EEbb increases
increases
with
with rotational
rotational frequency
frequency,, thethe V
starting
starting current
current is
is high
high and
and
the Electric
the operating
operating current
current is is low:
low:
EEb = NBA sin Motor
b = NBA sin
 Armature and Field
Windings
In the commercial
motor, many coils of
wire around the
armature will produce
a smooth torque.
(Note directions of I in
wires.)
Series-Wound Motor:
The field and armature
Motor
wiring are connected in
series.
Shunt-Wound Motor: The field windings and
the armature windings are connected in
parallel.
Example 6: A series-wound dc motor has
an internal resistance of 3 . The 120-V
supply line draws 4 A when at full speed.
What is the emf in the motor and the
starting current?
Recall that: VV EEb =
= IR
IR
Eb b

I 120 V Eb = (4 A)(3
V
The back
Eb = 108 V
emf in
motor:
The starting current Is is found by noting that
Eb = 0 in beginning (armature has not started
rotating).
120 V 0 = Is (3 Is = 40 A
 Summary
Faradays Law: A change in flux can
occur by a change in
area or by a change in
E =-N the B-field:
t = B = A
A B
Calculating flux through an area in a B-field:

BB ;;
== BA
BA
BA cos
BAcos
AA
 Summary (Cont.)
Lenzs
Lenzs law:
law: An
An induced
induced current
current will
will be
be inin such
such aa
direction
direction as
as to
to produce
produce aa magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that will
will
oppose
oppose the
the motion
motion of
of the
the magnetic
magnetic field
field that
that is
is
producing
producing it.
it.
Induced Induced
B B
Left II Right motion
motion
N S N S
I
Flux increasing to left Flux decreasing by right
induces loop flux to the move induces loop flux to
right. the left.
 Summary (Cont.)
An emf is induced by a
wire moving with a B
velocity v at an angle
v sin
with a B-field. v
EE=
=BLv sin
BLvsin Induced Emf
E
In
In general
general for
for aa coil
coil of
of NN turns
turns ofof area
area AA
rotating
rotating with
with aa frequency
frequency in in aa B-field,
B-field, the
the
generated
generated emf
emf is is given
given byby the
the following
following
relationship:
relationship:
For N turns, the EMF is: E NBA sin
 Summary (Cont.)
The
The ac
ac generator
generator is is
shown
shown toto the
the right.
right.
The
The dc
dc generator
generator andand
aa dc
dc motor
motor areare shown
shown
below:
below:

V
DC Generator Electric
Motor
 Summary (Cont.)
The
The rotor
rotor generates
generates aa
back
back emf
emf in
in the
the
operation
operation of of aa motor
motor
that
that reduces
reduces thethe applied
applied
voltage.
voltage. The
The following
following
relationship
relationship exists:
exists:
Applied voltage back
emf = net voltage
VV EEbb = Motor
= IR
IR
CONCLUSION: Chapter 31A
Electromagnetic Induction