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Classification of Methods of Measurements
Classification of Methods of Measurements
Variable manipulation
element
Temperature
Data transmission
element
Observer
length meter m
mass kilogram kg
time second s
electric current ampere A
temperature Kelvin K
amount of substance mole mol
luminous intensity candela cd
SI: Derived Units
Physical Quantity Unit Name Symbol
Physical
Unit Name Symbol
Quantity
Plane
Radian rad
angle
Solid
Steradian sr
angle
Standards
International standards
Primary standards
Secondary standards
Working standards
Measuring Instruments
Deflection and null type instruments
Analog and digital instruments
Active and passive instruments
Automatic and manually operated
instruments
Contacting and non contacting
instruments
Absolute and secondary instruments
Intelligent instruments.
DEFLECTION AND NULL TYPE
Physical effect generated by the
measuring quantity
Equivalent opposing effect to nullify the
physical effect caused by the quantity
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
INSTRUMENTS
Physical variables of interest in the
form of continuous or stepless
variations
Physical variables are represented by
digital quantities
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
INSTRUMENTS
Instruments are those that require
some source of auxiliary power
The energy requirements of the
instruments are met entirely from the
input signal
Automatic and manually
operated
Manually operated requires the
service of human operator
Automated doesn't requires human
operator
Contacting And Non Contacting
Instruments
A contacting with measuring medium
Measure the desired input even
though they are not in close contact
with the measuring medium
Absolute and Secondary
Instruments
These instruments give the value of the
electrical quantity in terms of absolute
quantities
Deflection of the instruments can read
directly
Intelligent instruments
Microprocessors are incorporated
with measuring instruments
Characteristics of Measuring
Instrument
Sensitivity
Readability
Range of accuracy
Precision
Definition
Sensitivity- Sensitivity is defined as the ratio
of the magnitude of response (output
signal) to the magnitude of the quantity
being measured (input signal)
Readability- Readability is defined as the
closeness with which the scale of the analog
instrument can be read
Definition
Range of accuracy- Accuracy of a
measuring system is defined as the
closeness of the instrument output to the
true value of the measured quantity
Precision- Precision is defined as the ability
of the instrument to reproduce a certain
set of readings within a given accuracy
Sensitivity
If the calibration curve is liner, as shown, the
sensitivity of the instrument is the slope of
the calibration curve.
If the calibration curve is not linear as shown,
then the sensitivity varies with the input.
Sensitivity
This is the relationship between a change in the
output reading for a given change of the input.
(This relationship may be linear or non-linear.)
measurement results
Uncertainty
Performance of Instruments
All instrumentation systems are
characterized by the system
characteristics or system response
There are two basic characteristics of
Measuring instruments, they are
Static character
Dynamic character
Static Characteristics
The instruments, which are used to
is calledstatic characteristics.
STATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN
INSTRUMENTS
Accuracy Dead zone
Precision Backlash
Resolution Hysteresis
Threshold Linearity
Error Bias
Repeatability Tolerance
Reproducibility Stability
Resolution
Output
input
Drift
Drift or Zero drift is variation in the output of
an instrument which is not caused by any
change in the input; it is commonly caused by
internal temperature changes and component
instability.
zero
Dead band
Transient
Speed of response
Measuring lag
Fidelity
Dynamic error
Steady state periodic Magnitude has a
or
Instrumental error
Error of observation
Based on control
Error of Measurement
Systematic error -Predictable way in
accordance due to conditions change
Parallax error
Interpolation error
Nature of Errors
Systematic error
Random error
Based on control
Controllable errors
Calibration errors
Environmental (Ambient /Atmospheric
Condition) Errors
Stylus pressure errors
Avoidable errors
Non - Controllable errors
Correction
Correction is defined as a value
which is added algebraically to the
uncorrected result of the
measurement to compensate to an
assumed systematic error.
Ex : Vernier Caliper, Micrometer
Calibration
Calibration is the process of
determining and adjusting an
instruments accuracy to make sure
its accuracy is with in manufacturing
specifications.
Interchangeability
A part which can be substituted for
the component manufactured to the
small shape and dimensions is known
a interchangeable part.
The operation of substituting the part
for similar manufactured components
of the shape and dimensions is
known as interchangeability.