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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will
take place.
Kelvin-Planck stateme
No heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency 100
percent.
Desired Result
th
Required Input
For a heat engine the desired result is the net
work done and the input is the heat supplied
to make the cycle operate.
The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less
than 100 percent.
Wnet , out
th
Qin
where
Wnet , out
th
Qin
Qin Qout
Qin
Qout
1
Qin
A thermodynamic temperature scale related to the
heat transfers between a reversible device and the
high and low-temperature reservoirs by
QL TL
QH TH
TL
th , rev 1
TH
Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
Process Description
i. Pure substances:
Any process: s = s2 s1 (kJ/kgK)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1
T2 P2
s2 s1 C p , av ln R ln
T1 P1
for isentropic process
k
P2 v1
P1 s const . v2
Isentropic Efficiency for Turbine
Isentropic Efficiency for Compressor