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Comp 12
Comp 12
1) INTRODUCTION
2) SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE
3) THEORETICAL STUDY
4) FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
5) RESULTS
6) CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER SCOPE
1.INTRODUCTION
Composite laminates are widely used in engineering applications such as
aerospace, marine, automobile and mechanical
For reduction in weight and service requirements holes are introduced in
these laminates.
These discontinuities cause rise in stresses & causes stress concentration
which can lead to failure of laminate.
Major failures occurs due to crack initiation at points of maximum stress
concentration (Critical points)
Stress Concentration Factor
K = Max stress/ nominal stress
=
SCF in Isotropic and Orthotropic materials
Isotropic materials
K =f(geometry of hole)
& independent of material properties
Orthotropic materials
Problem Description
For analysis
Rectangular plate of size 200mm, 80mm and 4.522 mm thick with a circular
hole of dia d at centre
Three different types of materials (Isotropic, Glass-Epoxy and Graphite-
Epoxy)
Static loading of 10kN/mm2
Variables d/W =0.1 -0.8, E1/E2= 10 -80 are considered.
All cases are analyzed by Theoretical and Finite Element Analysis.
3.THEORECAL STUDY
For an anisotropic plate containing a circular hole, Lekhnitskii introduces the formulae
for SCF
K=f(d/W)only
d. Orthotropic finite-width plate
with Tan S.C. reference,
The orthpotropy ratio E1/E2 is defined as the ratio of elastic modulii in main
directions.
Finite element analysis is carried out using ANSYS APDL (VERSION 14.5).
Element type : 4-node quadrilateral element SHELL181
SHELL 181 may be used for layered applications for modeling composite
shells or sandwich construction.
It is a four-node element with six degrees of freedom at each node
Mesh Generation : mapped mesh for accuracy
Boundary and Loading Conditions
Ux=0 for all the mesh nodal points located on the line X=0,
Uy=0 for all the mesh nodal points located on the line Y=0
Fig. 3.4 Loading and Boundary conditions Fig.3.5 Loading and Boundary conditions For quarter
model conditions For full model
Validation of Finite Element Model
Because the isotropic material properties are not different in main directions, this is used for improving
the FEM accuracy besides of orthotropic material.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results for isotropic plate
as it can be seen from table 3.4, the agreement between the FEM and theoretical solution for
isotropic plate is excellent. With this mind, we can further apply the model to the composite
property.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
a. Infinite width rectangular plate Tangential stress distribution around a circular hole
Glass-Epoxy Laminate and isotropic:
Glass-Epoxy: Ply
Graphite-Epoxy ply and Laminate
Comparison of gross SCF for three different types of materials
with various load angles.
Variation of SCF versus d/W ratio for Glass-Epoxy and Graphite-Epoxy materials with =0 0, 450, 900
For any fiber orientation/ load angle as d/w increase Kg increase and Kn decreases
change in variation of gross SCF is less up to d/W= 0.5 and after that high rise in gross SCF value.
Variation of net SCF is less compared to gross SCF for all d/W ratios.
Comparison of theoretical SCF for isotropic and orthotropic
plates
Comparing Eqs. (2.34) and (2.37), we can find that the first part of Eq. (2.37)
is identical to Eq. (2.34)
It suggests that if the second part of Eq. (2.37) is much smaller than the first
part, i.e. Eq. (2.34), the differences in the SFs for isotropic plates and
orthotropic plates are very small. This comparison is given in Fig.
In Fig A2 represents the second part of Eq. (2.33) and A1 represents the first part of
Eq. (2.33),
For d/W is less than 0.5 , A2 can be always neglected and hence the SFs for isotropic
plates can be also used for orthotropic plates.
When d/W is larger than 0.5, the applicable range would depend on the actual values
of K.
C. Orthpotropy ratio effect
FEA results: The distribution of stresses/stress contours around circular holes for
different orthotropic ratios as shown in Figure 4.11 to 4.12
Graphite -Epoxy Laminate
Glass -Epoxy Laminate
Orthpotropy ratio effect for various load angles
Glass-Epoxy
Graphite -Epoxy
From Figures ,for Graphite -Epoxy ply and Glass -Epoxy ply
when values =00 to 450, the stress concentrations were not affected too much
by the change in the E1/E2ratio.
For both laminates When = 450, as the E1/E2ratio increases, the stress
concentrations also increase. When = 450 and E1/E2=80, it reaches
maximum value 0f 43.37 and 21.21
when values =00 and =900, the stress concentrations were not affected too
much by the change in the E1/E2ratio.
Comparison of analytic and FE method results
From fig 4.21difference between the analytical and FE results for d/W =0.4 have little
difference for various orthpotropy ratio (difference < 7%), but with increasing the d/W
ratio this difference increases.
In low orthpotropy ratio the difference between analytical and FE results have a little difference,
but this difference increases with increasing orthpotropy ratio
Orthpotropy ratio effect for various d/W ratios
According to this fig the higher orthpotropy ratio have a higher SCF
In addition, the variation of SCF respect to d/W ratio in high orthpotropy ratio
is higher than at low orthpotropy ratio.
The important observation s regarding the graph of this figure is that all
curves converge together with increasing the d/W ratio.
Indeed, with increasing the d/W ratio, the effect of orthpotropy ratio on net
SCF is decreased.
The net SCF for low orthpotropy ratio is near to each other and increasing this
ratio the difference of d/W curves.
The various d/W curves are converged to each other with low ratio.
In addition, with increasing the d/W ratio, the variation of orthpotropy ratio
has little effect on the net SCF. This effect is also shown in figure.
Concluding remarks
The analysis showed that the SCF could be greater or less than 3 for
anisotropic materials(3 is the SCF for isotropic materials) and the locations
of the maximum tangential stress points could shift with the change fiber
orientation in relation to the loading axis.
Also it was found that through the lamination process the SCF could be
reduced drastically, and thereby the structural performance could be
improved.
Case 2-effect of d/W ratio
For any fiber orientation/ load angle gross SCF increases and net SCF
decreases with increase of d/W ratio for all materials.
For all fiber orientation/ load angle Maximum gross SCF obtained for d/W=
0.8 and minimum gross SCF obtained for d/W= 0.1.
Maximum net SCF obtained for d/W= 0.1 and minimum net SCF obtained for
d/W= 0.8.
For all Fig, change in variation of gross SCF is less up to d/W= 0.5 and after
that high rise in gross SCF value.
Variation of net SCF is less compared to gross SCF for all d/W ratios.
Case 3-effect of orthpotropy ratio
With increasing the d/W ratio, the effect of orthpotropy ratio on net
SCF is decreased
Further work to be done on