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The Impact of Self-Administered Areas On The National Reconciliation Process in Myanmar
The Impact of Self-Administered Areas On The National Reconciliation Process in Myanmar
Introduction >>>
1. Introduction
Myanmar holds the record for the worlds longest ongoing civil war.
Since the end of 2011,the Union Government has started peace talks with all Ethnic Armed
Organizations (EAOs).
The National Reconciliation Process (NRP) has been becoming more consideration in the
country.
the Union Government and 17 EAOs participated and only 8 EAOs signed the Nationwide
Ceasefire Agreement (NCA) on 15 October 2015.
Since the end of 2011, the renewed armed conflicts were obviously started in Myanmar.
Introduction >>>
1. Introduction (cont.)
The armed conflicts have also increased and notably in the Palaung self-administered zone
and also in the Kokang Self-administered Zone.
The EAOs and beliefs of the leaders of Self-administered Areas are willing to build both
Federal Union and Federal Union Army
Demanded for getting the division of power and self-determination in the negotiation.
Scope
This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the problem of the SAAs
and how they relate to the National Reconciliation Process (NRP) within 2011 to 2016.
This study concerns with the governance practice, regulation, decentralization,
geopolitical dimension and its consequences for the both the national reconciliation
process and the SAAs in Myanmar. 5
The recognizing and protecting ethnic land rights are important elements to solving the
countrys decades-old civil war, and discussions and agreements on ethnic land rights
should be key components of the peace process
Tom Kramer, 2015,p. 355
federal political system is an instrument for the division of power usually through
exclusive or concurrent lists of subjects together with a concept of residual power.
Martin Dent, 2002, p. 128
According to the role of Tatmadaw, which must be a strong, highly capable and
modern force and still involving in restoring and maintaining internal security and
suppressing insurgency.
Maung Aung Myoe, 2009, p. 193
Methodology >>>
5. Methodology
Data and Method
Qualitative analysis based on the secondary
Conceptual Framework
data
Defined Conceptual framework with five
factors.
Secondary sources of the data such as book,
journal, articles, reports, newspapers, and
official website of government and
organizations
The most reliable data obtained from the
documents of the governments national
reconciliation reports. 10
Governance Practice
President U Thein Seins Government (2011-15) SAAs Act has presented in
Non-disintegration of the Union. the 2008 Constitution.
Non-disintegration of national sovereignty Self-administered Areas
Participation of the Tatmataw in the leading role of national politics in the
state.
To ensure towards a peaceful Union through solidarity with all ethnic groups.
President U Htin Kyaws Government (2016 onward)
To ensure national reconciliation, internal peace, the rule of law, amendments to
the constitution.
To amend the constitution as the constitution needs to be one that will give birth
to a Genuine Federal Democratic Union.
To reduce the power of military members of parliament, who are appointed to a
quarter of the bodys seats and hold veto power over proposed constitutional
changes. 11
To establish a Genuine Federal Democratic Union.
Source: Myanmar Information Management Unit, 2013.
4000
15
factories based on Chinese models. 2000
1000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
16
3% 17
32% 21%
Others Others Others
52% 48%
In SAAs In SAAs In SAAs
68%
79% Others
97%
2013
In SAAs Recent and ongoing national reconciliation process >>>
2014 2015 2016
8. Recent and Ongoing National Reconciliation Process (Conts.)
Recent and Ongoing National Reconciliation Process
Union Government Tatmadaw EAOs Coalition
In 2009, demanded EAOs turn into Holds Six-point peace agenda United Nationalities Federal Council
BGF. give up arms absolutely and come
(UNFC) was founded in 2011.
In 2011,the Government has started under the institutional arrangements
of the 2008 Constitution
Demanded Federal Union and Federal
peace talks with all EAOs. Union Army
In 2015, 8 EAOs signed the Plays a decisive role in the peace
process. to get a high level of authority and
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement
Demand of EAOs was directly autonomy with their own government
(NCA)
effected on the Tatmadaws and legislature.
Government engaged with non-
structural integrity. To join Tatmadaw without losing their
signatories EAOs to bring them into
the process. It would not allow the existence of identity and control of their troops.
In 2016, UPC (21st Century any other armed force. 4 meeting of EAOs held in the Wa
Panglong) was held. SAD.
It has been an incredibly complex 2 meeting of EAOs held in the one of
It is still running to finalize the the UNFC members headquarter.
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elusive single text agreement.
Analysis >>>
9. Analysis
Main research question How does SAAs support the national reconciliation in Myanmar?
Hypothesis If the Myanmars NRP would be affected by the existing state of SAAs,
the impact of the SAAs is failing to support the NRP.
Conceptual Framework
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Analysis >>>
9. Analysis (cont.)
1. Could the constitution structure of the SAAs address the fundamental and legitimate concern of ethnic
minority people?
2. What is the role of the SAAs in both Myanmar democratization and National Reconciliation Process?
Governance Practice
Power sharing is limited.
legislature is hardly workable.
Tatmadaw used military action in the some SAAs.
the SAAs are likely as a vulnerable area for strengthening the EAOs.
Regulation
Limited capacity in Law enactment and GAD highly influences administrative tasks.
Government and the Tatmadaw also unwilling to change the constitution until national
reconciliation is achieved.
LB-SAAs might benefit from their illegal business such as poppy cultivation, and drugs 21
trafficking as well as it is likely to support the improvement of financial development in
their relevant EAOs. Analysis >>>
9. Analysis (cont.)
2. What is the role of the SAAs in both Myanmar democratization and National Reconciliation Process?
2.1 How does current decentralization process effect on the SAAs?
Decentralization
The leading body of SAAs could not fully be linked up with the achievement of the
delivery of better public services.
the less capacity and unwillingness condition to follow the countrys political reform.
SAAs are not yet ready to set up with the government decentralization process.
It will become fuel for armed conflict and civil war.
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Analysis >>>
9. Analysis (cont.)
Geopolitical Dimension
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Analysis >>>
9. Analysis (cont.)
3. How does relation between the EAOs and the beliefs of the Leading Body of the SAAs?
4. What is the current national reconciliation arrangement of Myanmar?
Armed conflicts
EAOs coalition (FUA) used military pressure to the Tatmadaw in the some SAAs.
The SAAs has been situating as an advantage area for the non-signatories EAOs.
The SAAs are still as a vulnerability point for the ceasefire.
Analysis >>>
9. Analysis (cont.)
This study has supported the hypothesis.
The Impact of SAAs on the NRP
It is very likely that the implementation of the NRPs Roadmap might delay.
Achieving all-inclusiveness might be challenging.
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Conclusion >>>
11. Conclusion
Result
This study has supported the hypothesis.
The NRPs Roadmap might delay.
Achieving all-inclusiveness might be challenging.
Limitation
It should involve more factors in the conceptual framework.
Geopolitical dimension, it only emphasized on the official relations between China and
Myanmar, and if more data could be collected, the result would be somehow different from the
existing conclusion.
Field study and personal interviews with the prominent actors could not be conducted
the classified document of both the government and the ethnic armed groups were not able to
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access.
Conclusion >>>
11. Conclusion (cont.)
Further study
It should seek to produce greater insight into the triangle relations between and among
the Leading body of SAAs,
actors of Ethnic Armed Organizations and
ethnic political actors and
those actors how support the ongoing political negotiations and the building of trust which are
also crucial parts of the National Reconciliation Process (NRP) in Myanmar.
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