ECET525 (Power Electronics)

Day 2- Bird’s-Eye View of Power Electronics

Systems
Prepared by: Engr. Darwin D. Mañaga
Power and Energy
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W)

p = dw/dt = vi

Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current

enters through the positive terminal of an element and p
= +vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal,
p = −vi.
Law of Conservation of
Energy

PABSORBED = -PSUPPLIED

Remember:

1W-h = 3,600J
Sample Problem

Find the power delivered to an element

at t = 3 ms if the current entering its
positive terminal is
i = 5 cos 60πt A
and the voltage is: (a) v = 3i, (b) v = 3
di/dt .
Sample Problem

Calculate the power supplied or

absorbed by each element on the circuit
below.
Sample Problem

The electron beam in a TV picture tube

carries 1015 electrons per second.
Determine the voltage needed to
accelerate the electron beam to achieve
4 W.
A Simple Voltage Converter
Sample Problem

Consider a simple example of designing a 5-volts dc power

supply for TTL ICs from a 12-volts battery using voltage
divider principle. Note: Select resistor R2 arbitrarily to be 1
kΩ.

A.) Determine R1
B.) The Thevenin equivalent circuit.
B.1) Vth
B.2) Rth
B.3) Equation of Vo
C.) Vo if Io = 0.86 mA
D.) Pin, Po @ Io = 1 mA, converter’s efficiency
Voltage Regulation
Characteristic
Vo
Ideal Regulation

Medium Regulation with Emitter Follower

Poor regulation w/o Emitter Follower

Io
Modeling and Assumptions
Elements of a Converter Circuit

1. Resistance
Main concern: skin effect – high frequency current tends
to concentrate near the surface of the conductor

2. Inductance
3. Capacitance
4. Sources
5. Electrical switch
6. Transformer
7. Loads and sinks
Sample problem
A precharged capacitor is to be
used as a dc voltage source of 10
volts. The voltage is held to within
1% of 10 volts over a time interval
of 50 us. While supplying a current
of 1 amp. Find the capacitor value
Sample problem
An inductor is to be used as a dc
current source of 10 amps for a 12-
volts battery for use in a converter
operating at a frequency of 20 kHz.
The current should not vary by
more than 1% during the switching
period. Find the inductor value.
Sample problem
Find the input capacitance of an
ideal 10:1 transformer, which has a
0.47 uF capacitor in the second
winding.
Load Classification
Resistive
 Heaters
 Ovens and furnaces
Inductive
 Electromagnetic relays
 Cranes
 Pickups and hoist
Capacitive
 Displays
 Gas discharge lamps such as halogen and mercury
vapor lamps and lasers
Load Classification cont…
DC current loads
 Dc motor in constant torque applications
DC voltage loads
 Dc motor in constant speed applications
 Batteries during charging
AC voltage loads
 Ac voltage BUS
 Induction motors in constant speed applications
 Synchronous motors in constant speed applications
AC current loads
 Induction motors in constant torque applications
 Synchronous motors in constant torque applications
Power Converter

Vi Converter Vo

Controller
Converter Comparisons
Converter DC-DC AC-DC DC-AC AC-AC

Vi DC fixed AC fixed DC fixed AC fixed

magnitude and magnitude and
frequency frequency

Vo DC DC adjustable AC adjustable AC adjustable

adjustable magnitude and magnitude and
frequency frequency

Main Functions Good Vout Adjustable DC AC adjustable AC adjustable

regulation output magnitude and magnitude and
frequency frequency
Applications of Converters
DC – AC (Inverter)
 Aircraft and space power supplies
 UPS
 Variable-frequency ac motor drives
 Aircraft variable-speed constant frequency supplies
 Induction heating supplies
AC – DC (Rectifier)
 DC motor drives
 Regulated dc power supplies
 High voltage dc transmission
 Wind generator converters
Applications cont…
DC – DC (DC chopper)
 Electric transportation
 High performance regulated power supply
 Electronic ballasts
 DC motor drive systems
AC – AC (Cycloconverter)
 Light dimmers
 Voltage regulators
 VAR regulators
 AC motor speed controls
 Electronic tap chargers
 Solid state relays
Converter Topology
- refers to the arrangement of components within the
converter

Main Categories:
• transformer-isolated
• non-transformer-isolated
Non-Transformer-Isolated
- Only semiconductors provide DC isolation from input to
output.
Advantages:
Simple
Easy to understand
Easy to design
Disadvantage:
More prone to failure due to lack of DC isolation
Four basic topologies:
Buck (or step-down)
Boost (or step-up)
Buck-Boost (or inverting)
Cuk converters
Transformer-Isolated
- relies on a physical barrier to provide galvanic isolation.
Advantages:
can withstand very high voltages before failure
provides a second form of protection in the event of a semiconductor
failure
ease of adding multiple outputs to the power supply without separate
regulators for each
preferred ones by designers.
Four basic topologies:
isolated forward,
flyback
push-pull
half-bridge
full-bridge
Buck Converter/Regulator
-used the reduce a DC voltage to a lower DC voltage.
Boost Converter/Regulator
-provides an output voltage that is higher than the input
voltage
Buck-Boost
Converter/Regulator
-an output voltage is generated opposite in polarity to the
input.
Flyback Converter/Regulator
-an output voltage that is less than or greater than the input
can be generated, as well as multiple outputs.
Multiple-Output Flyback
Push Pull
-A two-transistor converter that is especially efficient at low
input voltages.
Half Bridge
- A two-transistor converter used in many off-line
applications.
Full Bridge
-A four-transistor converter (usually used in off-line designs)
that can generate the highest output power of all the types
Assignment#1:
Research on the converter’s
performance measures

Kindly send ASS#01 thru e-mail

(deadline – Until 06/30/2010).
darwin.managa@gmail.com
Grading System as per
ELGA:
Assignments/Problem Sets – 10%
Long Quiz 1 – 22.5%
Long Quiz 2 – 22.5%
Major Exam – 30%
Class Participation – 10%
Attendance – 5%

SEMESTRAL GRADE = (PG+MG+FG) / 3

Goodluck!!!