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  • Introduction To Signals and Systems: M. J. Roberts All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl

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    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as any physical phenomenon that conveys information and a system as responding to signals and producing new signals. A communication system is given as an example of a system composed of smaller interconnected systems. The document discusses different types of signals and conversions between them, including sampling, quantizing, and encoding. It also discusses discrete-time systems modeled by difference equations and describes examples of feedback systems.

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    noise study

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    Chapter 1

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    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as any physical phenomenon that conveys information and a system as responding to signals and producing new signals. A communication system is given as an example of a system composed of smaller interconnected systems. The document discusses different types of signals and conversions between them, including sampling, quantizing, and encoding. It also discusses discrete-time systems modeled by difference equations and describes examples of feedback systems.

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    32 views18 pages

    Introduction To Signals and Systems: M. J. Roberts All Rights Reserved. Edited by Dr. Robert Akl

    Uploaded by

    kumarsumit1942
    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as any physical phenomenon that conveys information and a system as responding to signals and producing new signals. A communication system is given as an example of a system composed of smaller interconnected systems. The document discusses different types of signals and conversions between them, including sampling, quantizing, and encoding. It also discusses discrete-time systems modeled by difference equations and describes examples of feedback systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 18

    IntroductiontoSignalsand

    Systems

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.
    EditedbyDr.RobertAkl
    SignalsandSystemsDefined
    Asignalisanyphysicalphenomenonwhich
    conveysinformation
    Systemsrespondtosignalsandproducenew
    signals
    Excitationsignalsareappliedatsystem
    inputsandresponsesignalsareproducedat
    systemoutputs

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 2
    ACommunicationSystemasa
    SystemExample
    Acommunicationsystemhasaninformation
    signalplusnoisesignals
    Thisisanexampleofasystemthatconsists
    ofaninterconnectionofsmallersystems

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 3
    SignalTypes

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 4
    ConversionsBetweenSignalTypes

    Sampling

    Quantizing

    Encoding

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 5
    MessageEncodedinASCII

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 6
    NoisyMessageEncodedinASCII

    Progressively
    noisier
    signals

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 7
    BitRecoveryinaDigitalSignal
    UsingFiltering

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 8
    ImageFilteringtoAidPerception
    OriginalXRayImage FilteredXRayImage

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 9
    DiscreteTimeSystems
    Inadiscretetimesystemeventsoccuratpointsintimebutnot
    betweenthosepoints.Themostimportantexampleisadigital
    computer.Significanteventsoccurattheendofeachclock
    cycleandnothingofsignificance(tothecomputeruser)happens
    betweenthosepointsintime.

    Discretetimesystemscanbedescribedbydifference(not
    differential)equations.Letadiscretetimesystemgeneratean
    excitationsignaly[n]wherenisthenumberofdiscretetime
    intervalsthathaveelapsedsincesomebeginningtimen=0.
    Then,forexampleasimplediscretetimesystemmightbe
    describedby
    y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 10
    DiscreteTimeSystems
    Theequation
    y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
    saysinwords

    Thesignalvalueatanytimenis1.97timesthesignalvalueatthe
    previoustime[n1]minusthesignalvalueatthetimebeforethat
    [n2].
    Ifweknowthesignalvalueatanytwotimes,wecancomputeits
    valueatallother(discrete)times.Thisisquitesimilartoa
    secondorderdifferentialequationforwhichknowledgeoftwo
    independentinitialconditionsallowsustofindthesolutionforall
    timeandthesolutionmethodsareverysimilar.

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 11
    DiscreteTimeSystems
    y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
    Wecouldsolvethisequationbyiterationusingacomputer.
    yn = 1 ; yn1 = 0 ; InitialConditions
    while 1,
    yn2 = yn1 ; yn1 = yn ; yn = 1.97*yn1 - yn2 ;
    end

    Wecouldalsodescribethesystem
    withablockdiagram.

    (Dmeansdelayoneunitindiscrete
    time.)

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 12
    DiscreteTimeSystems
    y n 1.97 y n 1 y n 2
    Withtheinitialconditionsy[1]=1andy[0]=0theresponse
    is

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 13
    FeedbackSystems
    Inafeedbacksystemtheresponseofthesystemisfedback
    andcombinedwiththeexcitationissuchawayastooptimize
    theresponseinsomedesiredsense.Examplesoffeedback
    systemsare
    1. Temperaturecontrolinahouseusingathermostat
    2. Waterlevelcontrolinthetankofaflushtoilet.
    3. Pouringaglassoflemonadetothetopoftheglasswithout
    overflowing.
    4. Arefrigeratoricemakerthatkeepsthebinfullofice
    butdoesnotmakeextraice.
    5. Drivingacar.

    Feedbacksystemscanbecontinuoustimeordiscretetime
    oramixtureofthetwo.
    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 14
    FeedbackSystems
    Belowisanexampleofadiscretetimefeedbacksystem.The
    responsey[n]isfedbackthroughtwodelaysandgainsbandc
    andcombinedwiththeexcitationx[n].Differentvaluesofa,
    bandccancreatedramaticallydifferentresponsestothesame
    excitation.

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 15
    FeedbackSystems
    Responsestoanexcitationthatchangesfrom0to1atn=0.

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 16
    SoundRecordingSystem

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 17
    RecordedSoundasaSignalExample
    signal

    M.J.RobertsAllRightsReserved.EditedbyDr.RobertAkl 18

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