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26 - Digital Transmission With AWGN
26 - Digital Transmission With AWGN
ECE460
Spring, 2012
Geometric Representation
Orthogonal Basis
1. Orthogonalization (Gram-Schmidt)
2. Pulse Amplitude Modulation
a. Baseband
b. Bandpass
c. Geometric Representation
3. 2-D Signals
a. Baseband
b. Bandpass
1) Carrier Phase Modulation (All have same
energy)
1) Phase-Shift Keying
2) Two Quadrature Carriers
2) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
4. Multidimensional
a. Orthogonal
1) Baseband
2) Bandpass
b. Biorthogonal
1) Baseband
2) Bandpass
2
Geometric Representation
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization
1. Begin with first waveform, s1(t) with energy 1:
s1 t
1 t
1
c21 s2 t 1 t dt
2. Second waveform
a. Determine projection, c21, onto 1
d 2 t s2 t c21 1 t
d2 t
2 t where 2 d 22 t dt
2
cki sk t i t dt
c. Normalize k 1
d k t sk t cki i t
i 1
dk t
k t where k d k2 t dt
k
3
3. Repeat
Example 7.1
4
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Baseband Signals
Binary PAM
Bit 1 Amplitude + A
Bit 0 Amplitude - A
M 2k
M-ary PAM
M-ary PAM
sm t Am gT t
m sm2 t dt
T
Binary PAM
A 2
m
T
g 2
T t dt
Am2 g
1 k
Fixed Rb
Tb kT
5
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Bandpass Signals
cos 2 f ct
um t Am gT t cos 2 f ct m 1, 2, ... , M
Am
Um f GT f f c GT f f c
2
What type of Amplitude Modulation signal does this
appear to be?
m t dt
2
u m
Am2 t gT2 t cos 2 2 f c t dt
Am2 Am2
g t dt 2 gT2 t cos 4 f ct dt
2
T
2
6
PAM Signals
Geometric Representation
sm t sm t m 1, 2,..., M
1
where t gT t 0t T
g
sm g Am m 1, 2,..., M
d d d d d d = Euclidean distance
between two points
0
7
Optimum Receivers
Start with the transmission of any one of the M-ary
signal waveforms:
g M 2k symbols having k -bits sm t , m 1, 2,..., M
gTransmitted within timeslot 0 t T
gCorrupted with AWGN: r t sm t n t
r t sm t n t
Demodulat Output
Detector
or Sampler Decision
r r
r t r r1 , r2 ,..., rN r sm t
1. Demodulators
a. Correlation-Type
b. Matched-Filter-Type
2. Optimum Detector
3. Special Cases (Demodulation and Detection)
a. Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals
b. Carrier-Phase Modulation Signals
c. Quadrature Amplitude Modulated Signals
d. Frequency-Modulated Signals
8
Demodulators
Correlation-Type
T
rk r t k t dt k 1, 2,..., N
0
T
sm t n t k t dt
0
T T
sm t k t dt n t k t dt
0 0
smk nk
r sm n
N0
N /2
k 1
1
exp r s m / N 0
2
N0
N /2
9
Demodulators
Matched-Filter Type
10
Optimum Detector
Decision based on transmitted signal
in each signal interval based on the
observation of the vector r.
f r | sm P s m
P sm | r N
f r |s P s
m 1
m m
D r, s m 2r s m s m
2
minimize
C r, s m 2r s m s m
2
maximize (correlation metric)
11
Probability of Error
Binary PAM Baseband Signals
s1 t s2 t gT t
Consider binary PAM baseband signals
wheregT t is an arbitrary pulse which is nonzero
0t T
in the interval and zero elsewhere. This
can be pictured geometrically as
b b
s2 0 s1
f r | s1
b / N0
e
N0
1 r
2
f r | s2
b / N0
e
N0
12
Example 7.5.3
Consider the case of binary PAM signals in which
b are b
s1 s2points
two possible signal
where is the energyPper s1 bit.
p and P s2prior
The 1 p.
probabilities are
Determine the metrics for the optimum MAP
detector when the transmitted signal is corrupted
with AWGN.
13
Probability of Error
M-ary PAM Baseband Signals
g M
2m 1 M
2
M m 1
g M M 1
2
M 3
M 2 1
g
3
av M 1 g
2
Pav
T 3 T
14
Demodulation and Detection
Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals
Oscillat
or
Transmitted Signal:
um t Am gT t cos 2 f ct 0t T
Received Signal:
r t Am gT t cos 2 f ct n t 0t T
where n t nc t cos 2 f c t ns t sin 2 f c t
Crosscorrelation
T 2 T T
r t t dt A t cos 2 f c t dt 0 n t t dt
2 2
g
g
m T
0 0
g
Am n
Optimum Detector 2
D r , s m r sm
2
15
or C r , sm 2 r sm s 2
m
Two-Dimensional Signal
Waveforms
Baseband Signals
Calculate .
16
Problem 7.22
In an additive white Gaussian noise channel with
N0
noise power-spectral
2
density of , two
equiprobable messages At are transmitted by
, 0t T
s1 t T
0, otherwise
t
A 1 ' 0 t T
s2 t T
0, otherwise
17
Two-Dimensional Bandpass
Signals
Carrier-Phase Modulation
sm t , m 1, 2,..., M
1. Given M-two-dimensional signal waveforms
um t sm t cos 2 f ct 0t T
0
T
sm2 t cos 2 2 f ct dt
0
T T
1 1
sm2 t dt sm2 t cos 4 f ct dt
20 20
s m
18
Demodulation and Detection
Carrier-Phase Modulated Signals
19
Two-Dimensional Bandpass
Signals
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
um t Amc gT t cos 2 f c t Ams gT t sin 2 f c t m 1, 2,..., M
20
Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Orthogonal
Multidimensional means
multiple basis vectors
Baseband Signals
Overlapping
(Hadamard Sequence)
Non-Overlapping
o Pulse Position Mod.
(PPM)
sm t A gT t m 1 T / M
where
m 1, 2,..., M
m 1 T / M t mT / M
21
Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Orthogonal
Bandpass Signals
As before, we can create bandpass signals by
simply multiplying a baseband signal by a sinusoid:
um t sm t cos 2 f ct 0t T
T
1
mn um t un t dt
s 0
sin 2 m n f T
2 m n f T
22
Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Biorthogonal
Baseband
Begin with M/2 orthogonal vectors in N = M/2
dimensions.s , 0, 0,..., 0
1 s
s2 0, , 0,..., 0
s
M
s M /2 0, 0, 0,..., s
Then append their negatives
s M s , 0, 0,..., 0
2
1
M
s M 0, 0, 0,..., s
Bandpass
As before, multiply the baseband signals by a
sinusoid.
23
Multidimensional Signal Waveforms
Simplex
T
1
s sm t
2
dt 1 s
0 M
M
1
sm s m
M
s
k 1
k
24
Demodulation and Detection
Carrier-Amplitude Modulated Signals
Oscillat
or
Transmitted Signal:
um t Am gT t cos 2 f ct 0t T
Received Signal:
r t Am gT t cos 2 f ct n t 0t T
where n t nc t cos 2 f c t ns t sin 2 f c t
Crosscorrelation
T 2 T T
r t t dt A t cos 2 f c t dt 0 n t t dt
2 2
g
g
m T
0 0
g
Am n
Optimum Detector 2
D r , s m r sm
2
25
or C r , sm 2 r sm s 2
m