Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chap3firstlawthermodynamics 130703012634 Phpapp02
Chap3firstlawthermodynamics 130703012634 Phpapp02
CHAPTER
MEC 451
3 Thermodynamics
Lecture Notes:
MOHD HAFIZ MOHD NOH
HAZRAN HUSAIN & MOHD SUHAIRIL
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor
First Law of
Thermodynamics
ENERGY ANALYSIS
OF CLOSED SYSTEM
2
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
3
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Closed
Heat
System V
Work
z
Reference Plane, z = 0
or
Ein Eout E system
4
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Qnet Wnet U KE PE
5
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
If the system does not move with a velocity and has no change in
elevation, the conservation of energy equation is reduced to
Qnet Wnet U
The first law of thermodynamics can be in the form of
V2 V1
2
g ( z 2 z1 )
2
qnet wnet u 2 u1
(kJ / kg )
2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net m u2 u1
( kJ )
2000 1000
For a constant volume process,
2
V2 V1
2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net W net m u2 u1
2000 1000
2
V2 V1
2
g ( z 2 z1 )
Q net m u2 u1
2000 1000
6
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net m u2 u1
2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net P (V2 V1 ) m u2 u1
2000 1000
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net m u2 u1 P(V2 V1 )
2000 1000
2
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Q net m h2 h1
2000 1000
7
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
8
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.1
A closed system of mass 2 kg Rearrange the equation
undergoes an adiabatic process. V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
Qnet W net m u2 u1
The work done on the system is 2000 1000
30 kJ. The velocity of the system V2 2 V12 g ( z2 z1 )
changes from 3 m/s to 15 m/s. Wnet m u2 u1
2000 1000
During the process, the elevation 9.81 45
152 32
of the system increases 45 meters. 30 2u 2 2
2000 1000
Determine the change in internal
u 14.451 kJ Ans..
energy of the system.
Solution:
Energy balance,
2
V V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Q net W net m u2 u1 2
2000 1000
9
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
s1 s f 1 x1 s fg1
2.1792 0.92 4.3744
6.204 kgkJ.K
10
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
v u s
0.15122 2945.9 7.1292
0.1634 u2 s2
0.17568 3116.9 7.4337
0.1634 0.15122
u2 2945.9 3116.9 2945.9
0.17568 0.15122
3030.42 kJ
kg
0.1634 0.15122
s2 7.1292 7.4337 7.1292
0.17568 0.15122
7.2790 kgkJ. K
11
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
s s2 s1
7.2790 6.204
1.075 kgkJ.K
12
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
13
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
u1 u f @ 25oC 104.88 kJ
kg
State 2
u2 u f x2 u fg
T2 25 C
o
v 0.001003 m 3
f kg v2 v f
0.01 3 x2
v2 0.002 mkg vg 43.34 mkg
3
v fg
5
check region ! 2.3 105
104.83 2.3 10 (2304.3)
2304.9
5
v f v vg saturated mixture u2 104.88
then : P2 Psat 3.169 kPa 104.93
104.88 kJ
kg
Then :
The heat transfer for this process
Qnet 5 104.93 104.88
(104.88-104.83)
Qnet Wnet m u ke Pe 0.25 kJ
Qnet Wnet m u ke Pe
+ve sign indicates heat transfer
Qnet mu m u2 u1
into the system.
14
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Supplementary Problems 1
1. Two tanks are connected by a valve. Tank A contains 2 kg of carbon
monoxide gas at 77C and 0.7 bar. Tank B holds 8 kg of the same gas
at 27C and 1.2 bar. Then the valve is opened and the gases are
allowed to mix while receiving energy via heat transfer from the
surrounding. The final equilibrium temperature is found to be 42C.
Determine (a) the final pressure (b) the amount of heat transfer. Also
state your assumption. [P2=105 kPa, Q =
+37.25 kJ]
15
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Supplementary Problems 1
3. A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 kPa
and 50oC. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it
exist as a liquid at 24oC. Show the process on T-v diagram and
determine the heat loss from the system. State any assumption made.
[1210.26
4. kJ]0.5 m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 200 kPa and 40
A
percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the
pressure reaches 800 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process
on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[12.3 kg, 2956.2
5. kJ]
An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of
the tank contains 6 kg of an ideal gas at 50C and 800 kPa while the
other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas
expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and the
pressure in the tank.
[50C, 400 kPa] 16
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Boundary Works
P
2
1 5
18
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
19
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
isothermal V2
W12 P1V1 ln
V1
polytropic
P2V2 P1V1
W12
isentropic 1 n
20
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.4
Process 1-2: isobaric work output of 10.5 kJ from an initial volume of 0.028
m3 and pressure 1.4 bar,
Process 2-3: isothermal compression, and
Process 3-1: isochoric heat transfer to its original volume of 0.028 m 3 and
pressure 1.4 bar.
Calculate (a) the maximum volume in the cycle, in m3, (b) the isothermal work,
in kJ, (c) the net work, in kJ, and (d) the heat transfer during isobaric expansion,
in kJ.
21
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
Process by process analysis, The isothermal work
Section 1 2 isobaric Section 2 3 isothermal
W12 P V2 V1 10.5
2 2 PV
PV 3 3
140 V2 0.028 10.5 0.103
P3 140 515 kPa
V2 0.103 m3 0.028
V3
W23 PV2 2 ln
V2
0.028
140 0.103 ln
0.103
18.78 kJ
22
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Section 3 1 isochoric
W31 0
Wnet W12 W23 W31
10.5 18.78
8.28 kJ
23
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.5
24
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
Process by process analysis,
Section 1 2 isothermal
1 1 PV
PV 2 2
115
V1 0.22 0.12
415
0.00732 m3
V2
W12 PV 1 1 ln
V1
0.0264
415 0.00732 ln
0.00732
3.895 kJ
25
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
0.525 P1 V4
V3 0.0264
115 n
62 0.00732
0.03097 m3
415 0.03097
ln 0.1494 n ln 0.2364
n 1.3182
Section 3 4 isochoric 1 1 PV
PV
W41 4 4
W34 0 1 n
415 0.0072 62 0.03097
1 1.3182
3.5124 kJ
Supplementary Problems 2
1. A mass of 0.15 kg of air is initially exists at 2 MPa and 350 oC. The air
is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed
polytropically with a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial state.
Determine the boundary work for each process and the net work of the
cycle.
2. 0.078 kg of a carbon monoxide initially exists at 130 kPa and 120 oC. The
gas is then expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa and 100 oC.
Sketch the P-V diagram for this process. Also determine the value of n
(index) and the boundary work done during this process.
[1.248,1.855 kJ]
27
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
28
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
29
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Conservation of Mass
Conservation of mass is one of the most fundamental
principles in nature. We are all familiar with this
principle, and it is not difficult to understand it!
30
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
m V .dA
If the fluid density and velocity are constant over the flow cross-
sectional area, the mass flow rate is
AV
m AV
1
where
is called specific voulme
31
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
32
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
As the fluid upstream pushes mass across the control volume, work
done on that unit of mass is
A
W flow F dL F dL PdV Pv m
A
W flow
w flow Pv
m
33
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V2 V2
energy u P 2 gz h 2 gz
The first law for a control volume can be written as
. . . Vout
2
. Vin
2
Q net W net mout hout gzout min hin gzin
out 2 in 2
34
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
qnet wnet h2 h1 (kJ / kg )
2000 1000
2
V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2
Q net W net m h2 h1 ( kJ )
2000 1000
. . . V2 V1 g ( z 2 z1 )
2 2
Q net W net m h2 h1
(kW )
2000 1000
35
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
36
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
37
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout
gzout
in 2 out 2
. Vin
2
. Vout
2
min hin mout hout
2 2
V1
2
V2
2
h1 h2
2 2
38
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
P1
40
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
h2
T2
Cp
Enthalpy at state 1
304.42
h1 C pT1 1.005 283
1.005
284.42 kJ
kg
302.9 K
41
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
42
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout gzout
in 2 out 2
. . .
min hin W out mout hout
. .
W out m h1 h2
43
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
. . . Vin
2
. . . Vout
2
Q in W in min hin gzin Q out W out mout hout gzout
in 2 out 2
. . .
W in min hin mout hout
. .
W in m h2 h1
44
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.8
45
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
From energy balance:
State 1 . . . Vin 2
Qin W in min hin gzin
p1 2 MPa sup erheated in 2
T1 400o C h1 3247.6
3248.4 kJ
.
kg . . Vout 2
State 2 Q out W out mout hout gzout
out 2
P2 15 kPa
sat. mixture Solve the equation:
x2 0.9
h2 h f 2 x2 h fg 2
h h2 h1 -887.39
885.87 kJ
225.94 0.9 (2372.3)
2373.1
kg
V2 2 V12
2361.73
2361.01 kJ
kg
KE 14.95 kJ
kg
2000
g z2 z1
PE 0.04 kJ
kg
1000
46
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
V12 V2 2 g z1 z2
Wout h1 h2
2000 1000
885.87
887.39 14.95 0.04
870.96 kJ
872.48 kg
W&out 5000
m& 5.74
5.73 kgs
Wout 870.96
872.48
47
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Solution:
Example 3.9
simplified energy balance:
Air at 100 kPa and 280 K is
compressed steadily to 600 W&in m& h2 h1 Q&out
kPa and 400 K. The mass m& h2 h1 mq
& out
flow rate of the air is 0.02
kg/s, and a heat loss of 16 State1
kJ/kg occurs during the
P1 100 kPa air
process. Assuming the
T1 280 K h1 280.13 kJkg
changes in kinetic and
potential energies are State 2
negligible, determine the P2 600 kPa air
necessary power input to the
T2 400 K h2 400.98 kJkg
compressor.
48
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Thus
49
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Throttling Valve
50
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Example 3.10
State 1 Steam enters a throttling valve at
8000 kPa and 300C and leaves
P1 8000 kPa sup erheated at a pressure of 1600 kPa.
Determine the final temperature
T1 300 C h1 2786.5 kJkg
o
and specific volume of the
State 2 steam.
P2 1600 kPa
make int erpolation
h2 h1
P kPa T C
o vf vg hf hg
1500 198.29 0.001154 0.131710 844.55 2791
1600 T2 vf 2 vg 2 hf 2 hg 2
1750 205.72 0.001166 0.113440 878.16 2795.2
51
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
52
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Mixing Chamber
53
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Mixing Chamber
Energy Balance:
&1h1 m
m &2 h2 m
&3h3
&1h1 m
m &1 h2 m
&3 m &3 h3
&1 h1 h2 m
m &3 h3 h2
h3 h2
&1 m
m &3
h
1 h2
54
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Heat Exchanger
Solution:
Example 3.11
simplified energy balance:
Liquid sodium, flowing at 100
kg/s, enters a heat exchanger at m&s h1s m&w h1w m&s h2 s m&w h2 w
450C and exits at 350C. The m&s h1s h2 s m&w h2 w h1w
specific heat of sodium is 1.25
kJ/kg.oC. Water enters at 5000 m&s C p , s T1s T2 s m&w h2 w h1w
kPa and 20oC. Determine the
minimum mass flux of the water State 1: water
so that the water does not
P1 5000 kPa comp. liquid
completely vaporize. Neglect the
pressure drop through the T1 20o C h1w 88.61 kJ
kg
exchanger. Also, calculate the
State 2 : water
rate of heat transfer.
Assume a sat.
P2 5000 kPa vapor state to
h2 w 2794.2 kJ
kg
obtain the max.
allowable exiting
enthalpy.
56
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
the minimum mass flux of the water the rate of heat transfer
so that the water does not
completely vaporize
Q&w m&w h2 w h1w
ms C p , s T1s T2 s 4.62 2794.2 88.61
m&w
h2 w h1w 12.5 MW
100 1.25 450 350
2794.2 88.61
4.62 kgs
57
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Supplementary Problems 3
1. Air flows through the supersonic nozzle . The inlet conditions are 7 kPa
and 420C. The nozzle exit diameter is adjusted such that the exiting
velocity is 700 m/s. Calculate ( a ) the exit temperature, ( b )the mass flux,
and ( c ) the exit diameter. Assume an adiabatic quasiequilibrium flow.
3. Steam enters a turbine at 4000 kPa and 500 oC and leaves as shown in Fig
A below. For an inlet velocity of 200 m/s, calculate the turbine power
output. ( a )Neglect any heat transfer and kinetic energy change ( b )Show
that the kinetic energy change is negligible.
58
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UiTM
Figure A
4. Consider an ordinary shower where hot water at 60C is mixed with cold
water at 10C. If it is desired that a steady stream of warm water at 45C
be supplied, determine the ratio of the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a pressure of 150 kPa.
5. Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and 70C
and leaves at 35C. The cooling water enters at 300 kPa and 15C and
leaves at 25C. Neglecting any pressure drops, determine (a) the mass
flow rate of the cooling water required and (b) the heat transfer rate from
the refrigerant to water.
59
MEC 451 THERMODYNAMICS