KINEMATICS AND KINETICS OF

LINEAR MOTION
FITRI -- (1506768513)
KINESIOLOGY VS BIOMECHANICS

the study of
movements ??
 KINESIOLOGY

Focus: musculoskeletal system, movement efficiency from

anatomical standpoint & joint-muscular actions in simple &
complex movements
Observing a movement
Identify: discrete phases in an activity (breakdown)
Describe: segmental movements occurring in each phase
Identify: major muscular contributors to each joint movement

Kinesiological analysis of the act of rising from a chair:

hip extension knee extension plantarflexion of
hamstrings, quadriceps femoris, & triceps surae muscles

Most kinesiological analysis: qualitative

 BIOMECHANICS
Describe: content previously covered in courses in kinesiology

The application of the laws of mechanics to animate motion (American

Society of Biomechanics)

The study of forces acting on and generated within a body and the
effects of these forces on the tissues, fluid, or materials used for the
diagnosis, treatment, or research purposes (European Society of
Biomechanics)

The biomechanical analysis: qualitative (movement observed &

described) or quantitative (parameters: speed, direction; application of
forces (inside & outside body); optimal positions & actions for efficient &
effective motion

Motion of rising from a chair:

measure and identify joint forces acting at the hip, knee, and ankle
 BIOMECHANICS

Most is quantitative analysis

It provides a thorough, objective, and accurate representation of
the movement, e.g.: to quantify the range of motion of the foot,
movements almost impossible to track with the naked eye
Movement analyzed: assess anatomical contribution (functional
anatomy), describing motion characteristics of time, space, and
mass aspect (kinematics), force causing motion (kinetics)
 TYPE OF MOTION

Walking: whole body linear motion walking from

point A to point B >< hips, knees, and ankles
angular motion

Most movement within the body is angular;

movement outside the body tends to be linear
 TYPE OF MOTION

Linear (translatory motion): All parts of the object move the

same distance, same direction, at the same time
1. Rectilinear: in a straight line
2. Curvilinear: in a curved path that isnt necessarily circular
. Angular (rotary motion): Movement of an object around a fixed
point; the motion occurs in a circle around an axis
TRANSLATIONAL MOTION (STRAIGHT-
LINE MOTION)
 THE NATURE OF FORCE

Produce motion, stop motion, and prevent

motion; may increase speed, decrease speed or
cause objects to change direction

Defined: that which pushes or pulls through

direct mechanical contact through the force of
gravity to alter the motion of an object

Is a vector quantity
 VECTOR & SCALAR

Barbell 250 N:
lift it with 150 N un success: no motion
Lift it with >250 N, in one end of barbell un
success: rotating bar
Lift it with >250 N, in CoG of barbell, upward
direction success: lifted

MAGNITUDE, DIRECTION, POINT OF APPLICATION !

 MAGNITUDE

Force ~ weight and gravity ----- w = mg

Holding a ball: weight of ball + gravity vs muscular

work (opposite force) if unequal: ball drops

Muscular force: proportion to number and size of

fibers in muscle that contracting anatomical lever

Measure its strength by simple movement against

resistant
 POINT OF APPLICATION

Muscular force: in the center muscles attachment

to bony lever (insertion/distal attachment)
Mechanical axis of bone or segment: a straight
line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one
end (terminal segment) with the midpoint of the
joint at the other end (distal end)
Point of application: Through CoG the point of
intersection between the line of force and the
mechanical axis of the bone or segment serving
as anatomical lever
 DIRECTION

Along its action line:

Muscle force muscle angle of pull: angle
between line of pull and mechanical axis (point of
application / fulcrum)
Gravity forces direction: downward vector
 KINEMATICS ANALYSIS TOOLS
In the case of high-speed video:
these data are acquired from the videotape by means of
digitization

In optoelectric motion capture systems:

markers on the body, tracked by a camera sensor that scans
signals from infrared light-emitting diodes (active marker system),
or the video capture unit serves as both the source and the
recorder of infrared light that is reflected from a retro-reflective
marker (passive marker system). The location of the markers is
sequentially fed into a computer, eliminating the digitization used
in video systems

Reference: A Cartesian coordinate system is also referred to as a

rectangular reference system. 2D or 3D
 2D REFERENCE
local reference system allows for the identification of a point on
the body relative to an actual body segment rather than to an
external reference point
 2D REFERENCE
used when the motion being
described is planar, e.g.: if the
object or body can be seen to
move up or down (vertically)
and to the right or to the left
(horizontally) as viewed from
one direction

the intersection or origin of the

axes designated as (0,0).

Left of the origin result in

negative x-values and
movements below the origin
result in negative y-values
 3D REFERENCE
the concept of depth (z-axis;
medial and lateral) must be
added to the two-dimensional
components of height (y-axis;
up and down) and width (x-axis;
forward and backward).
E.g.: If an individual flexes and
abducts the thigh while
swinging it forward and out to
the side
The intersection of the axes or
the origin is defined as (0,0,0)
Positive: horizontal and to the
right (x), vertical and upward
(y), and horizontal and forward
(z).
 2D & 3D ANALYSIS
a sagittal (2D) view of the lower
extremity during walking or
running, a typical placement of
markers might be:
the toe,
the fifth metatarsal;
the calcaneus of the foot;
the lateral malleolus of the
ankle;
the lateral condyle of the knee;
the greater trochanter of the
hip; and
the iliac crest

identified in each frame for the

 2D & 3D ANALYSIS
a sagittal (2D) view of the lower
extremity during walking or
running, a typical placement of
markers might be:
the toe,
the fifth metatarsal;
the calcaneus of the foot;
the lateral malleolus of the
ankle;
the lateral condyle of the knee;
the greater trochanter of the
hip; and
the iliac crest

identified in each frame for the

 2D & 3D ANALYSIS

In human locomotion, factors such as cadence, stride

duration, duration of the stance or support phase
(when the body is supported by a limb), duration of
swing phase (when the limb is swinging through to
prepare for the next ground contact), and the period
of nonsupport may be investigated.
the time interval between each frame is determined
by the sampling or frame rate of the camera or
sensor
In gait analysis: with camera-side foot contact
occurring at time zero, all subsequent events in the
movement are timed from this event
 VECTOR & SCALAR

Vectors: represented by
an arrow, with the
magnitude represented
by the length of the line
and the arrow pointing in
the appropriate direction
Vectors are equal if their
magnitudes are equal
and they are pointed in
the same direction.
Vectors can be added
together
Multiplying a vector by a
scalar changes the
magnitude of a vector
but not its direction
 VECTOR & SCALAR

A vector may broken down into its

horizontal and vertical components
using the trigonometric functions
sine and cosine
 ANGLE OF PULL
Effectiveness of the muscles
pulling force in moving the bony
lever ~ Changes of angle
0-90 : vertical > horizontal comp.
Vertical component of muscle pull
(rotary component) :
perpendicular to lever to moves
the lever
Horizontal component: parallel to
lever, non-rotary, not contribute
to levers movement
Coracobrachialis and subclavius
muscle: angle of pull always small
contribution >> (to stabilize
joints, not easily dislocated)
powerful movements of shoulder
 ANATOMICAL PULLEY

To change direction of force by

changing the angle of pull of the
muscle providing the force
Improving muscle angle of pull,
increasing rotary component
patella moves quadriceps tendon
away from knee joint; condyles of
femur and tibia pushing gracilis away
from joint
Changing direction of muscle action
peroneus longus passing behind
lateral malleolus before it turns under
the foot, to prevent dorsiflexion;
pronator teres rotates radius over
ulna
Tendons and ligaments also acts as
pulley finger and thumb flexor
sheaths
 RESOLUTION OF EXTERNAL FORCE
Instead giving a piece of furniture a
horizontal push, one pushes it by
standing close to it with the arms
held at a forward-downward slant,
only part of the force will push the
table forward oblique angle
vertical and oblique component
The table moves fwd: depends on
total force in horizontal direction,
overcoming tables resistance
The downward component, push
the table against the floor
increasing friction between floor
and table
The closer can applying all force in
the desired direction the more
COMPOSITE EFFECTS OF TWO OR MORE
FORCES
2 or >> forces applied to same objects, e.g.:
Canoe path: paddler and wind
Kicked balls path: kicker, wind, gravity (downward force)
Flexion on forearm
Flexion knee joint

Composite forces in human body modify motion

classified according to their direction and application:
1. Linear
2. Concurrent
3. Parallel
COMPOSITE EFFECTS OF TWO OR MORE
FORCES: 1. LINEAR FORCES
Applied in the same direction to action line
Horizontal pushing furniture, in line with objects CoG
object move fwd in horizontal direction

If another force help in same direction as the 1 st force

resultant: sum of the 2 forces; e.g.:
1. Gastrocnemius + soleus ankle joint
2. Psoas + iliacus hip joint
Both has a common distal attachments

. If another force applied in opposite direction as the 1 st force

resultant: sum of the 2 forces but different algebraic mark
COMPOSITE EFFECTS OF TWO OR MORE
FORCES: 2. CONCURRENT FORCES
Applied at the same point, but different angle, e.g.: Football
players in blocking situation
The resultant of force is not their arithmetic sum
The resultant direction is not halfway between them, unless
the two forces have equal magnitude
The resultant of concurrent forces depend on each forces
magnitude and angle of application calculate it with
vector resolution
 COMPOSITE EFFECTS OF TWO OR MORE
FORCES: 3. PARALLEL
Applied not in the same
line, but parallel each other
at different points, e.g.:
holding 10 N, biceps angle
of pull: 90 force gravity in
2 different points (along
with weights and pushing
down the forearm); force of
biceps to pulls the forearm
up
The resultant, depends on:
magnitude, direction,
application point of each
force
Can effect: balanced (no
motion), linear, or rotary
motion
 POSITION, DISPLACEMENT AND
DISTANCE
Position: its location in space relative from a reference axis
The walking example: reference frame originating on the
ground in the middle of the experimental area. This makes
all y values positive because they are relative to the ground
and all x values positive or negative depending on whether
the body segment is behind (-) or in front (+) of the origin in
the middle of walking area
Distance: the actual length of the path traveled.
Displacement: on the other hand, is a straight line between
the start and the finish of the race.
Displacement: describes the magnitude and direction of the
change in position, it is a vector quantity.
Distance, because it refers only to how far an object moved,
is a scalar quantity
DISPLACEMENT AND
DISTANCE
Displacement
 VELOCITY AND SPEED

Speed is a scalar quantity and is defined as the

distance traveled divided by the time it took to
travel (kilometers per hour)
Velocity is a vector quantity defined as the time
rate of change of position (meter per second)
 VELOCITY AND SPEED

Consider the position of an object that is at point

A (2,4) at time 1.5 s and moved to point B (4.5, 9)
at time 5 s.
 SLOPE
Is: change position along x-axis as a function of time.
If the slope is very steep, that is, a large number, the
position is changing rapidly, and the velocity is great.
If the slope is zero, the object has not changed position, and
the velocity is zero.
Because velocity is a vector, it can
have both
positive and
negative slopes
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION

1. Law of inertia
2. Law of acceleration
a. Impulse
b. Momentum
3. Law of reaction
a. Conservation of momentum
b. Summation of forces
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
1. LAW OF INERTIA
a body continues in its state of rest or of
uniform motion unless an unbalanced force acts
on it
Also means that: one in motion will continue at
constant speed in straight lines unless acted on by a
force, e.g.: to slow or stop the object
Friction or air resistance (force) can change velocity
The property of an object that causes it to remain in its
state: inertia
Mass of an objects: a measure of its inertia
The force needed to change velocity related to the
amount of inertia
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
2. LAW OF ACCELERATION
the acceleration of an object is directly proportional
to the force causing it, is in the same direction as the
force, and is inversely proportional to the mass of the
object F = ma = (w/g)a

Acceleration is the change in velocity

Easier to stop moving ball in 5 m/s than in 50 m/s
Easier to change velocity of tennis ball than bowling ball
F = m (vf vi) / t

Ft = m (vf vi)
The product of a force and time (impulse) change in the
velocity of mass (momentum)
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
2. LAW OF ACCELERATION: IMPULSE
Ft = m (vf vi)
Force required is proportional to mass
Increase velocity increase impulse
Force or time increase velocity increase
Accelerates the objects: by generating big force, by using
body segment adjustments, and increase time over force
applied
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
2. LAW OF ACCELERATION: MOMENTUM
Ft = m (vf vi)
Momentum is quantity of motion; product of mass & velocity
Any change in momentum is equal to impulse that produces it
Throwing in a greater speed greater momentum at the
moment of release
Child can topple an adult, by producing larger momentum
with increasing speed
Increase in momentum: when the force applied in the
direction of motion >< opposite direction; slowing motion &
decreasing momentum (catching fast ball, landing from a fall)
Making momentum to zero, by:
1. Big force, shorter time
2. Less force, longer time
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
3. LAW OF REACTION
for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Force of equal magnitude are exerted in opposite directions; one
is called action force; others called reaction force
In locomotion on surface of the earth, the reaction force is:
ground reaction force (GRF)
Sand had to be compressed by the walker to produce an equal
and opposite reaction walking on soft sand or snow is more
difficult

Ft = m (vf vi)
Pole vaulter: use GRF in the run and take off; minimize GRF in
landing to prevent injury by using crash pad (increasing time, so
velocity reduced)
Increasing time, so force decreased decreasing impulse
action force decreased decreased GRF (reaction force)
NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
3. LAW OF REACTION
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
3. LAW OF REACTION:
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
in any system where forces act on
each other, the momentum is constant

Because the force that causes the change of

momentum must have an equal and
opposite force, another equal and opposite
momentum v=change must occur in the
object producing reactive force the
momentum of object before impacted is
similar with after impacted momentum
is conserved; none is lost
When one steps out of a canoe onto a dock,
the canoe is pushed back by the passenger,
as the passenger is pushed forward by the
canoe change of momentum when canoe
backward will equal the change of
momentum of passenger fwd
 NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION:
3. LAW OF REACTION:
SUMMATION OF FORCE
Force may be summated from 1 segment to another

In generating momentum, these forces applied over a period of time,

which is then transferred fro segment to segment

Throwing:
1. muscles of lower extremity (legs extend to push against the
ground)
2. momentum generated then transferred to trunk
3. application of further muscular forces, more increase momentum
4. momentum transferred to upper arm
5. increasing velocity of upper arm while mass decreasing
6. further force from shoulders muscle will more increasing
velocity
 FORCES THAT MODIFY MOTION

Weight
Contact forces: GRF and Friction
Fluid forces: Buoyancy, Drag, Lift
FORCES THAT MODIFY MOTION: WEIGHT

The force is gravity Law of Gravity

The closer a body to earth the greater
gravitational pull, the more it weighs
 FORCES THAT MODIFY MOTION:
CONTACT FORCES: GRF
High jumper exert a force on the ground (action);
the ground exerts a force on the jumpers foot
(reaction)
 FORCES THAT MODIFY MOTION:
CONTACT FORCES: FRICTION
Force that oppose efforts to slide or roll one body
over another
Without it impossible to walk
If great hard to moving object
Using of rubber knob on hiking boots; chalk on
gymnatss hands
= F max / N
 FORCES THAT MODIFY MOTION:
FLUID FORCES: BUOYANCY
Upward force that counterbalance the weight in
water is buoyancy
Archimedes principle: a solid body immersed in a
liquid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight
of the liquid displaced
The center of buoyancy: the point that varies in
individuals; closer to the head than CoG
 FORCES THAT MODIFY MOTION:
FLUID FORCES: LIFT AND DRAG
The fluid resistance to movement
through air or water, consist of 2
forces: drag and lift
Patterns of flow around an object
vary with the shape of the frontal
surface
Laminar flow: Smooth, unbroken flow
Drag: flow disrupted and creates
turbulence on the trailing edge
Lift: flow over one side of object is
faster than the other side, as a result
of changes in fluid pressure,
because of differences in airflow
velocities
Bernoulli principle: the pressure
in a moving fluid decreases as
the speed increases
 REFERENCE

Hamill J; Knutzen KM. Biomechanical Basis of

Human Movement. 3rd Edition. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 2009
Lippert, LS. Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy.
5th Ed. Davis Company; 2012
Houglum PA, Bertoti DB. Brunnstroms Clinical
Kinesiology. 6th Ed. Davis Company; 2011
Cael C. Functional Anatomy: Musculoskeletal
Anaomy, Kinesiology and Palpation for
Manual Therapists. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2010
TERIMA KASIH