Federal TVET Teachers Training Institute

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Reading
Scale

Prepared By :Tesfu G.slassie

Architect, Urban Planner &
Designer
Using Scale

Enabling Objectives

You will be able to identify the difference between

engineer (civil) and architect scales.
Using a scale, you will be able to measure objects shown
on civil engineering plans and architectural renditions of
buildings and structures.
You will be able to interpret the results of the
measurements.
Architects Scale

Anarchitects scaleis a specializedrulerdesigned to

facilitate the drafting and measuring ofArchitectural
Drawings such as :
Floor Plansand
Orthographic Projections.
For accuracy and longevity, the material used should be
dimensionally stable andDurable.
Scales were traditionally made of wood, but today they
are usually made of rigidPlastic oraluminum.
Architects scales may be flat, with 4 scales, or have a
symmetric 3-lobed cross-section, with 12 scales.
Architects Scale

Architect scales have

numbers that run
incrementally both from
left to right and from right
to left.
A whole number or
fraction to the left or right
of the number line
indicates the scale those
numbers represent.
Architects Scale
Using Scale
Architect scales, such as: Architect scales, such as:
1 = 1-0 (1:12 size) 1/4 = 1-0 (1/48 size)
6 = 1-0 (1:2 size) or 1/8 = 1-0 (1/96
3 = 1-0 (1:4 size) size), are used for
1 1/2 = 1-0 (1:8 size) structures and buildings.
They are used to measure
3/4 = 1-0 (1:16 size)
interior and exterior
3/8 = 1-0 (1:32 size) dimensions such as rooms,
1/4 = 1-0 (1:48 size) walls, doors, windows, and
1/8 = 1-0 (1:96 size) fire protection system
details.
 Using Scale

To drawn your own prints, determine the length of the object

to be drawn, then scale it down accordingly using the
architects scale.
For example, using the 1/8= 1 example, a wall 20 feet in
length would become 20/8 inches, or 2 1/2 inches on the
blueprint.

1/8 scale would be read from left to right and the scale would be
read from right to left.
 Using Scale

The scale marked 16 is a standard ruler.

You must learn to read both from left to right, and right
to left.
Note in the example below, the numbers on the 1/8-inch
scale increase from left to right.
The numbers on the 1/4-inch scale increase from right to
left.
Note that the 0 point on an architect scale is not at
the extreme end of the measuring line. The numbers
below the 0 represent fractions of one foot.
Using Scale
 Metric Units

Architects scale rulers used in Britain and other

metriccountries are marked withratioswithout
reference to a base unit.
Therefore a drawing will indicate both its scale (ratio)
and the unit of measurement being used.
In Britain, and elsewhere, the standard units used on
architectural drawings are the(SI) unitsmillimetres
(mm) andmetres(m), whereas in Francecentimetres
(cm) and metres are most often used.
In Britain, for flat rulers, the paired scales often found on
architects scales are:
 Metric Units

1:1/1:100
1:20/1:200
1:5/1:50 1:10/1:100

1:1250/1:2500

1:1/1:10 1:100/1:200
1:2/1:20 1:500/1:1000
1:5/1:50 1:1250/1:2500
 METRIC SCALES

Full Size 1:1 scale

The triangular scales

have one full-size scale
and five reduced-size
scales, all fully divided.
Using these scales, a
drawing can be made full
size, enlarged sized, or
reduced sized.

Half Size 1:2 scale

 Each side of the triangular scale has a different
metric scale.
 1:1 Full size 1:2 Half size
1:5 Fifth size 1:10Tenth size
1:20 Twentieth size 1:50 Fiftieth size

To measure a line, align the zero mark with the left end
of the line and read the mark on the scale aligned
closest to the right end of the line.
For this example. assume a line for which the right
end is closest to the sixth mark past the number 20.
The length of this line would be read as 26 mm, or
2.6 cm.
 On the 1:1 metric scale,
each mark represents 1 mm and
every tenth mark represents 10 mm, or 1 cm .
 Twentieth-size 1:20 ratio
To measure a line, align the zero mark with the left end
of the line and read which mark on the scale is aligned
closest to the right end of the line.
For this example, assume a line for which the right
end is closest to the second mark past the number
400.
The length of the line is 440 mm.
 Twentieth-size 1:20 ratio

For this scale, each mark represents 20 mm and every

tenth mark is 200 mm.
Multiplying this scale by a factor of 10 would make it
1:200,
where each mark would represent 200 mm and
every tenth mark 2000 mm.
Engineer Scale
 Engineer Scale
Engineer, or civil, scales, such as 1 = 10 or 1 = 50,
are used for measuring roads, water mains, and
topographical features. The distance relationships also
may be shown as 1:10 or 1:50
Engineer scales have numbers that run incrementally from
left to right. The whole number to the left of the number
line indicates the scale those numbers represent.
 Engineer Scale
Engineer scales have the following dimensional
relationships:

1 inch = 10 feet 1 inch = 40 feet

1 inch = 20 feet 1 inch = 50 feet
1 inch = 30 feet 1 inch = 60 feet
 Engineer Scale
When using the engineer scale, you must multiply the
value you identify by 10.
The small lines between the whole numbers represent
individual feet, so a point that falls two marks to the right
of the whole number 4 is interpreted as 42 feet.
Thank You
Federal TVET Teachers Training Institute
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Chapter-3

Orthographic Projection
 Engineer Scale
Full Divided Scale
1 is divided into equal decimal units of 10, 20, 30, 40,
50, 60 and 80 divisions.
For example, 1 = 100 is a typical scale used for Civil
Engineering Drawings. This means that 1 on the drawing
represents 100 in the real world.
 Applications
Civil Engineers typically design large things such as,
bridges, roads, buildings, shopping centers etc. Therefore
typical scales used include: 1 = 100 for plan views of
highway designs and 1 = 5 vertical and 1 = 100
horizontal for profile views. Section views are typically 1 =
5 vertical and 1 = 10 horizontal.
 Scale & Size
10 scale represents full size in decimal inches. 1 on
paper represents 1 in real life. Hence the name full
size.
20 scale represents half scale where 1 on a drawing
represents 2 in real life.
40 scale represents quarter size where 1 on a drawing
represents 4 in real life.
 CIVIL ENGINEERS SCALE
Divisions Ratio Scales Used with This Division
10 1:1 1=1 1=1 1=10 1=100

20 1:2 1=2 1=20 1=200

30 1:3 1=3 1=30 1=300
40 1:4 1=4 1=40 1=400
50 1:5 1=5 1=50 1=500
60 1:6 1=6 1=60 1=600
How to use an Engineers Scale
Steps in Reading CE Scale
Examples of Using the CE Scale
Reading the 50 scale
Orthographic
Projection
Enabling Objectives

You will be able to.

Learn basic principle of projection

collect and compile different output in your identification
of materials and instruments exercises
Familiarize the instruments and materials and record
necessary information in appropriate forms for learning
methodology of projections
Glass-Box Method

The Glass-box approach is used for developing

orthographic projection drawings.
Placing parallel planes to the principal planes forms a
glass box (always observed from outside the box).
To show views of a 3D object on a 2D piece of paper, it is
necessary to unfold the planes such that they lie in the
same plane.
All planes except the rear plane are hinged to the frontal
plane, which is hinged to the left-side plane
Glass-Box Method

The object is placed in a glass box, and the side of the box represent the 6
principle planes
Glass-Box Method
Glass-Box Method

Unfolding the glass box will show

the six possible views of the object
Glass-Box Method

Using the glass box method of visualization helps us understand the relationship views have
with one another, i. e. the front view is next to the top and right side views, etc.
Glass-Box Method
Glass-Box

Here, we can see that surface C is shown as both as object and hidden lines
depending on the view we are looking at.
Remember: One definition of a line is that it is the geometry on the edge of a
surface. (Surface C appears in its edge view in the front and top views.)
Glass-Box

Always try to draw views in their most natural position.

Thank You
FIRST
ANGLE
Orthographic
Projection
Orthographic-Projection

There are two ways of drawing in orthographic

First Angle
Third Angle.
They differ only in the position of the plan, front and side
views.
first angle orthographic projection(as used mainly in
Europe).
third angle which is used by countries such as the USA.
The front, side and plan views are in different positions.
First Angle-Projection

Example offirst angle orthographic

First Angle-Projection

Example offirst angle orthographic

First Angle-Projection

Example offirst angle orthographic

First Angle-Projection

Example ofthird angle orthographic

Thank You
Chapter-4
AXONOMETRIC
PROJECTION
 Objectives

Create an isometric drawing given a multi-view

drawing.
3. Use the isometric axes to locate drawing points.
4. Draw inclined and oblique surfaces in isometric.
5. Use projection to create an axonometric drawing.
6. Use offset measurements to show complex shapes
in oblique drawings.
7. Add dimensions to oblique drawings.
 Axonometric Projections

Axonometric projections show

all three principal dimensions
using a single drawing view,
approximately as they appear to
an observer.
Pictorial drawings are also
useful in developing design
concepts.
They can help you picture the
relationships between design
elements and quickly generate
Axonometric projection several solutions to a design
(isometric shown) problem.
 Axonometric Projections

These projections are often called pictorial drawings

because they look more like a picture than multiview
drawings do.
Because a pictorial drawing shows only the appearance of
an object, it is not usually suitable for completely describing
and dimensioning complex or detailed forms.
 Projection Methods Reviewed

The four
principal types
of projection
Types of Axonometric Projection

DIMETRIC PROJECTION

A dimetric projection is an
axonometric projection of an
object in which two of its
axes make equal angles with
the plane of projection,
and the third axis makes
either a smaller or a greater
angle.
Types of Axonometric Projection

TRIMETRIC PROJECTION
A trimetric projection is an
axonometric projection of an
object oriented so that no two
axes make equal angles with
the plane of projection
Because the three axes are
foreshortened differently, each
axis will use measurement
proportions different from the
other two.
 Isometric Projections

All angles between

axonometric axes are equal
The three coordinate axes of
the object appear equally
foreshortened (about 3/4th
of true length)
The angles between any two
of the three coordinate axes
is 120
 Isometric Scale

True lengths of the edges of the object are equally

foreshortened
Correct isometric projection can be drawn using an
isometric scale (always smaller than ordinary scale)
 Isometric Drawing

Step 1
Isometric sketches begin with defining isometric axes,
three lines, one vertical and two drawn at 30 from the
horizontal
Isometric Drawing

Step 2 :Three lines of the isometric axes represent the

three primary dimensions of the object: width, height,
and depth
Isometric Drawing

Step 3 :Draw the font face of the isometric block

Isometric Drawing

Step 4 : Draw the rest of the isometric block.

Isometric Drawing

Step 5 : Add details to the block starting from the front

face. Then add details to the other faces.
Isometric Drawing

Step 6 : Darken all visible lines to complete the

isometric sketch. (make sure that construction lines
are light
 Summery

Axonometric projection shows all 3 dimensions, length, width and height.

The isometric lines are only drawn to scale. Objects composed entirely of
isometric lines can be drawn by taking all measurements parallel to main
edges of the enclosing box.
Non-isometric lines are drawn by transferring the ordinates (which are on
isometric lines) of the end of the lines
Inclined and oblique surfaces are drawn using end coordinates. Box
construction and offset measurements are common methods
In an isometric drawing, an angle never appears in its true size. Angles,
irregular curves require special techniques
 Objects with Normal Surfaces

Make an Isometric Drawing with corner A at the

bottom

Objects with Normal Surfaces

 Objects with Oblique Surfaces

Make an Isometric Drawing with corner A at the

bottom

Objects with Normal Surfaces

Objects with Non-
isometric
and circular Surfaces
 Objects with Non-isometric Lines

Make an Isometric Drawing with apex A facing

front
Objects with Non-isometric Lines

Non-isometric lines are drawn with box construction and

offset measurements

Non-isometric lines are not drawn in true length in

isometric drawing (BA is shorter than CA in this drawing)
Irregular Objects
Make an Isometric Drawing of the following irregular object (pyramid)
Irregular Objects

OA and OB offsets help to locate apex O

Complete box construction may not be needed in
each case
Objects with Circular Geometry

A circle in a orthographic projection will appear as an

ellipse in an isometric drawing.
Instead of actual ellipses often approximate ellipses are
drawn for isometric drawing.
Four-centre ellipses are used to approximate ellipses on
isometric planes.

How to draw four-centre ellipse???

Approximate
Ellipse

Draw the isometric centre lines of the circle. Using the centre lines,
drawan isometric square with sides equal to the diameter of the circle.
From the near corners of the box, draw two large arcs with radius R,
using the two red points as centres.
Draw the two smaller arcs with radius r, using two green points as centres.
Cylinder
Objects with Circular
Geometry
 Objects with Non-Circular Curved Surfaces

Make an Isometric Drawing of the following curved object

 Objects with Non-Circular Curved
Surfaces

A line that appears as a noncircular curve in a

normal orthographic view of an object appears as
a non-isometric line in an isometric drawing.
Curves may be drawn using a series of points by
measuring along the normal lines in the
orthographic view (offset measurements) and
transferring these points on isometric drawing.
Accuracy increases with number of points.
 OBLIQUE PROJECTIONS
In oblique projections, the projectors are parallel to
each other but are not perpendicular to the plane of
projection.
Thank You
Federal TVET Teachers Training Institute
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Chapter-5

PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION

Prepared By :Tesfu G.slassie

Architect, Urban Planner &
Designer
 OBJECTIVES

Identify a drawing created using perspective projection.

List the differences between perspective projection and
axonometric projection.
Create a drawing using multiview perspective.
Describe three types of perspective
Measure distances in perspective projection.
 Perspective

PERSPECTIVE (from Latin perspicere-to see through) is

an image as it is perceived by the eye
 Example:

Frank Llyod
Wrights
perspectiv
e
Fallingwater
(1935)

Perspective drawing

Real photo
 TYPES OF PERSPECTIVE
DRAWING:
One-point Perspective
Two-point Perspective
Three-point Perspective
Multi-point Perspective (will not be covered in this lesson)
..depends on the number of vanishing points in the
perspective drawing
 Terms of Perspective Projection

Ground line (GL): The ground line is primarily used as a

measuring line. It is the intersection between the ground plane
and the picture plane.
The ground plane is often confused with the ground line. The
ground plane is the horizontal reference from which vertical
measurements are taken.
Picture Plane (PP): The transparent plane perpendicular to
the observer s line of sight.
In practice, the picture plane is the drawing surface in which the
perspective is executed.
 Terms of Perspective Projection

VANISHING POINT

HORIZON LINE

PICTURE PLANE
STATION POINT
Terms of Perspective Projection

1) STATION
POINT
2) HORIZON LINE
3) VANISHING
POINT
4) CONVERGEN
CE LINES
5) GROUND
LEVEL
6) PICTURE
PLANE
 Terms of Perspective Projection

Horizon Line (HL): A horizontal line within the picture plane at

the same height as the eye of the observer.
The Horizon Line is horizontal, it goes from left to right
and is parallel to the bottom edge of the picture.
Represents the viewers eye level.
It is the place where the ground and the sky seem to
meet
You can see the top of an object if it is below eye level,
below the Horizon Line.
If an object is above eye level, above the Horizon Line,
you can not see its top.
 Terms of Perspective Projection

Vanishing Point (VP): A vanishing point is a point on the

Horizon Line where all horizontal, parallel lines appear to be
converging.
Two-point perspectives have two VPs on the Horizon Line.
Station Point (SP): This is the position of the observer.
In normal perspective human eye height is 1.6meters
It is also the place to measure the cone of vision.
Cone of Vision: This should not exceed 60 degrees in plan
view.
Trying to draw a perspective greater than this will cause
distortion toward the edges of the drawing
Location of the Picture plane
As the picture plane is moved further from the station point in
relation to the object(s), the vanishing points move further off the
picture plane.
Birds-eye view or Worms-eye view

The horizon is level with the observers eye, so controlling

the location for the horizon line controls whether the
perspective view appears from above or below the object.
The horizon line is defined by the observers point of view.
To produce a perspective view that shows the objects as
though viewed from above, place the object below the
horizon line.
To produce a perspective view that shows the object as
though viewed from below, place the object above the
horizon line.
Birds-eye view or Worms-eye view
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
ONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
 One-point Perspective

One-point perspective is what you see when you look

straight at the side of an object.
It uses only one vanishing point, as its name indicates
The line of sight in one-point perspective is perpendicular
(at a right angle to) the side of the cube in these examples.
That means you see the near side in plane view (actual
shape undistorted by perspective).
Artists use one-point perspective to show objects face-on.
Most lines are vertical, horizontal, or orthogonal drawn to a
single vanishing point.
 One-point Perspective
1) Draw the Horizon Line

Horizon
Line

2) Decide the Vanishing Point (VP)

VP

Horizon
Line
 One-point Perspective
3) Draw the Horizontal and Vertical Lines to form the
front of the object

VP

Horizon Line
Vertical

Horizontal
 One-point Perspective
4) Draw in Convergence Lines

VP

Horizon
Line

5) Draw again the Horizontal and Vertical

lines

VP

Horizon Line
 One-point Perspective

5) Draw again the Horizontal and Vertical lines

VP

Horizon Line
 One-point Perspective
6) Complete the form of the objects

VP

Horizon
Line

7) Finishing up (erase the

convergence lines)

VP

Horizon
Line
principal edges are parallel to the picture plane (essentially a
flat surfaceONE-POINT PERSPECTIVE
parallel to the picture plane) and the third set is
perpendicular to the picture plane.
This third set of parallel lines will converge toward a single
vanishing point in perspective.
 One-point Perspective of a
cylindrical shape
The front surface of the cylinder
is placed in the picture plane.
All circular shapes are parallel to
the picture plane, and they project
as circles and circular arcs in the
perspective.
The station point (SP) is located
in front and to one side of the
object.
The horizon is placed above the
ground line. The single vanishing
point is on the horizon in the
center of vision.
Two-POINT PERSPECTIVE
 One-point Perspective

Two point perspective represents a turning or moving

aside, a glance to the left or right, as two of the adjacent
sides of every object woven into a single perspective view.
This view is usually associated with the orientation of the
objects, which are simply turned at an angle to the image
plane.
The two direction points are used for two of the directions
it is pointing away from us, giving us two point perspective.
 Two-point Perspective
1) Draw the Horizon Line 2) Decide the Vanishing Point (VP)

VP Horizon VP
Line

3) Draw a vertical line below the HL, be sure to leave some space
between the top of the vertical line & the HL. The VL does not have to
be in the middle.
VP VP
 Two-point Perspective
4) Draw a straight line from the top & Bottom of the VL to each VP

VP Horizon VP
Line
 Two-point Perspective
5) Draw two more vertical lines, one on each side of
the first vertical line.
VP Horizon VP
Line
 Two-point Perspective
6) Draw two more lines, one from each VP to the top
of the new VL on the far side of the central vertical line.
VP Horizon VP
Line
 Two-point Perspective
7) Use a fine black pen to draw over the outline of the cube

VP Horizon VP
Line
Two-Point Perspective From
Multi-View
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection

Step-1
Draw a horizontal line (the picture plane or PP) and place a
mark somewhere along PP, this will be the mark for thru
height later on.
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection

Step-2
Align the plan view in a 30 - 60 position, with the longer
side in the 30 and the shorter in the 60 angle as shown
below, with one corner of the plan view intersecting the
Picture Plane.
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection

Step-3
Locate the station point (observers eye), at least twice
the distance of the longer side or the distance x as shown
in the figure.
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-4: Locate the Horizon at say 1.5 m on scale from Picture
Plane, as well as the Ground Line. See the figure for guidance.
Ground Line is arbitrary in location.
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-5: Draw two construction lines starting from the PP and
perpendicular to PP intersecting the Horizon. they will be the LVP
(Left Vanishing Point) and RVP (Right Vanishing Point)

Then place the Elevation View along Ground Line as shown in the figure.
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-6: Project the height from the Elevation towards the ray coming
from the picture plane thru SP (Station Point). The point of
intersection from this is the true height .

All points intersection here will be the true heights, the rest are called vanishing
heights and vanishing depths
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-7: Start drawing orthogonal rays from the two vanishing points
LVP and RVP towards the line of true height ( the line coming from PP
towards SP as shown)
 Perspective from a Multi-view Projection

Step-8
Start projecting the points from points a and b thru
station point,
you will see that another intersection points are produce
as a result of these projection rays in the picture plane,
the points c and d.
From points c and d project vertical lines so that
these lines will intersect with the orthogonal rays from
the two vanishing point LVP and RVP.
In the next succeeding steps, these procedures are
repeated until the perspective view of the object is
completed
Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-8: Repeat the same conceptual procedures as in step 7 to
complete the perspective view. See the figure.
Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-9: Repeat the same conceptual procedures as in step 7 & 8 to
complete the perspective view. See the figure.
Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-10: Repeat the same conceptual procedures as in step 7, 8, & 9
to complete the perspective view. See the figure.
Perspective from a Multi-view Projection
Step-11: Repeat the same conceptual procedures as in step 7, 8, 9,
& 10 to complete the perspective view.
Thank You
Chapter-6
Auxiliary Views &
Sectioning
Auxiliary Views
Introduction
There are times when the six principal views will not
completely describe an object.
This is especially true when there are inclined or oblique
planes or features on an object. For these cases, a special
orthographic view called an auxiliary view can be created.
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view which is
projected onto any plane other than the frontal,
horizontal, or profile plane.
One of the principle reasons for drawing auxiliary views is
to show a surface at true size and shape.
Auxiliary Views
Introduction

None of the views gives an accurate depiction of

surface ABCD.
Auxiliary Views
Finding the True Shape

A viewing plane
parallel to the
surface is required to
get true size and
shape.
Auxiliary Views
Fold Lines

Fold lines represent

the edges of the
glass box
Orthographic lines
are projected from
adjacent views
across fold lines.
Object distances
from fold lines are
obtained from related
views.
Auxiliary Views
Miter Lines to Transfer Distances

It is an easy way
to transfer
dimensions
between related
views.
We have been
using this in
multi-view
drawing anyway.
Auxiliary Views
How to Draw an Auxiliary View
Using the Center Plane Reference

In diagram A, (to the left)

the object is shown in a
pictorial view.
Because the object is
symmetrical, you use a
center plane as a reference
plane, to make the auxiliary
view using the following
steps.
Auxiliary Views
How to Draw an Auxiliary View
Using the Center Plane Reference
Diagram B shows you use a center
plane as a reference plane, (center
plane construction).
The edge view of this plane appears
as a centerline, line XY, on the top
view. Number the intersection points
on the top view.
Then transfer these numbers to the
edge view of the inclined surface on
the front view, as shown.
Auxiliary Views
How to Draw an Auxiliary View
Using the Center Plane Reference

Parallel to this edge view of the

angled surface and at a
convenient distance from it,
draw the line X'Y', as shown in
Diagram C to the left.
Auxiliary Views
How to Draw an Auxiliary View
Using the Center Plane Reference

Now, in the top view, find the

distances (D1 & D2) from the
numbered points to the
centerline.
These are the depth
measurement. Transfer them
onto the corresponding
construction lines (gold color)
that you have just drawn,
measuring them off on either
side of line XY as shown in
Diagram D.
Auxiliary Views
How to Draw an Auxiliary View
Using the Center Plane Reference

Connect and number these

points as in Diagram E and you
will have the auxiliary view of
the inclined surface. Now lets
watch it done all together along
with how its done with an
ellipse.
Auxiliary Views
Auxiliary View of an Ellipse
Drawing Section
Views
Section
Views
Section Views
Introduction
A section view is a view used on a drawing to show an area
or hidden part of an object by cutting away or removing
some of that object.
The cut line is called a cutting plane, and can be done in
several ways.
It is very important to Visualize what the part will look like
after it is cut open.
Choosing the type of section and location of the cutting
plane.
Making the cut and drawing the view in the proper location.
Section Views
Types of Sections

The various kinds of sectioning are:

Full section,
Half section,
Offset section,
Part section,
Revolved section and
Removed section
Section Views
Full Sections

In a full section, the cutting plane line passes fully

through the part.
Section Views
Half Sections
Half Section is used to
the exterior and interior
of the part in the same
view.
The cutting-plane line
cuts halfway through
the part and removes
one quarter of the
material.
The line that separates
the different types
(interior and exterior)
may be a centerline or a
visible line.
Section Views
Offset Sections

Used to show parts

and features that do
not line up with each
other.
Cutting-plane line
does not travel in a
straight line.
The offsets or bends
in the cutting-plane
line do not show in
the section.
The versatility of
this section makes
it very useful.
Section Views
Part Sections
Part section is a technique that is used to expose a
small part of the interior of an object by removing a small
part of the object.
The view is basically an outside view with a small portion
removed. The break line is illustrated with irregular thin
continuous lines
Section Views
Revolved Sections

Revolved section shows only the features on the cut

plane. It is used to depict the section of an elongated
object without the need to show the entire sectional
view.
Instead of projecting the section onto an adjacent view,
the resulting section obtained from the cutting is revolved
90 and is placed on the same view.
Section Views
Removed Sections

Removed section is similar to revolved section in that

only the cut plane is shown. However, the section is
placed elsewhere on the drawing.
Section Views
Section Lining

Materials Common
materials
The symbol for cast
iron can be used for
most section views.
Refer to any common
drafting text for
additional symbols.
Section Views
Section Lining
45 degree angle lines should be used.
1/8 between lines.
All lines should be uniformly spaced
Thin sections may be blackened in completely
Spacing lines by eye increases speed
Section Views
Section Lining Line Placement
Lines should never be parallel or perpendicular to the
object lines.
If the outline of the object has 45 degree lines, 30 or
60 degree lines should be used.
Assemblies with several parts should be lined with
varying angle section lines.
Thank You