We have two ways to sketch the graph of f(ax+b) from the graph of

f(x)

First way
First translation in X-axis by b f(x+b)
Second compress/stretch by factor a in x-axis f(ax+b)
Second way
First compress/stretch by factor a in x-axis f(ax)
Second translation in X-axis by b/a f(a(x+b/a))

In general
af(bx+c)+d

I II III IV
Extreme values of Quadratic Functions.

A function f is quadratic function if

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
where a , b and c are real numbers with a  0
It’s graph is called a parabola
 Standard Form of Quadratic Equation.

By the process of completing the squares we can rewrite

f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c ,
as
f ( x ) = a( x - h )2 + k for a  0

• the vertex of parabola is ( h, k )

• a > 0 , vertex is a minimum point
• a < 0 , vertex is a maximum point.
 From the general quadratic equation
f ( x)  ax  bx  c
2

by completing squares
f ( x)  a( x  ) c
b 2
2a
b2
4a

h b
2a ; k c b2
4a
Information obtained from this

The vertex is ( b
2a , f ( ))
b
2a
• a > 0 , then minimum value isf ( 2a )
b

• a < 0, the maximum value is f (  b )

2a
 Example
Find the vertex, the axis of symmetry, and the
maximum or minimum value of f(x) = x2  8x + 12.
Solution: Complete the square.

f ( x )  x 2  8 x  12
 x 2  8 x  16  16  12
 ( x 2  8 x  16)  16  12
 ( x  4) 2  4
Vertex: (4, 4) Axis of symmetry: x = 4
Minimum value of the function: 4
 Graph
f(x) = x2  8x + 12
x y
2 0
3 3
4 4 vertex

5 3
6 0

h b
2a ; k c b2
4a

h  (8 / 2)  4; k  12  8 / 4  4
2
 Exercise
Find the vertex, the axis of symmetry, and the maximum or
minimum value of f(x) = 3x2 + 6x  1.
 Exercise
Find the vertex, the axis of symmetry, and the maximum or
minimum value of f(x) = 3x2 + 6x  1.
Solution: Complete the square.
f ( x)  3 x 2  6 x  1
 3( x 2  2 x)  1
 3( x 2  2 x  1  1)  1
 3( x 2  2 x  1)  (3)( 1)  1
 3( x 2  2 x  1)  3  1
 3( x  1) 2  2
Graph: f(x) = 3x2 + 6x  1
Vertex: (1, 2)
Axis of symmetry: x = 1
Maximum value of the function: 2

x y
0 1
1 2
2 1
 Exercise
Express the function f ( x)  2 x 2  12 x  12 in the form of

f ( x )  a ( x  h) 2  k .

And Sketch its graph using transformation of f ( x)  x 2

f ( x)  2 x  12 x  12
2

f ( x)  2( x 2  6 x)  12

f ( x)  2( x 2  6 x  9)  12  18

f ( x)  2( x  3)  (6) 2
 y
f ( x)  2( x  3) 2
3

1
2 f ( x)  ( x  3) 2

3 x

f ( x)  2( x  3) 2  (6)
4

-6
 Application
A farmer has enough fence to enclose a rectangular pasture with
240 ft of fencing. If the barn forms one side of the rectangle, what
is the maximum area that the farmer can enclose? What
should the dimensions of the fence be in order to yield this
area?
1. Familiarize. Make a drawing of the situation, using w to
represent the width of the fencing.
2. Translate. Since the area of a rectangle is
given by length times width, we have
A(w) = (240  2w)w
= 240w  2w2. w
w
240  2w
 Application continued
3. Carry out. We need to find the maximum value of A(w) and find the
dimensions for which that maximum occurs. The maximum will
occur at the vertex of the parabola.
b 240 240
w    60 ft.
2a 2( 2) 4
Thus, if w = 60, then the length l = 240  2(60) = 120 ft and the
area is (60)(120) = 7200 ft2.
4. Check. (60 + 60 + 120) = 240 feet of fencing.
5. State. The maximum possible area is 7200 ft2 when the pasture is
60 feet wide and 120 feet long.
 Exercise
• A long rectangular sheet of metal, 12
inches wide, is to be made into a rain
gutter by turning up two sides so that they
are perpendicular to the sheet.
• How many inches should be turned up to
give the gutter its greatest capacity?
 Example (cont’d)
• Solution Let x denote
the number of inches
turned up on each
side.
• Thus the width of the
base of the gutter is
12 – 2x inches.
 Example (cont’d)
• The capacity is greatest when the cross-
sectional area

f(x) = x(12 – 2x) = – 2x2 + 12x

of the gutter is greatest.
• By the preceding theorem, the maximum
value of the quadratic function f occurs at
b 12
x   3.
2a 2  2 