CDMA

1
IS-95 CDMA
Direct sequence spread spectrum signaling on reverse &
forward links
Each channel occupies 1.25 MHz

Fixed chip rate 1.2288 Mcps

Variable user data rate - depends on voice activity

Universal frequency reuse

fast power control to overcome near-far problem

RAKE receiver to take advantage of multipath

Soft handoffs

2
CDMA CHANNELS & FREQUENCIES

CDMA frequencies assigned through a 11-bit CDMA Channel

number, N
At Mobile
1 N 777
1013 N 1023
0.030 N 825 MHz
0.030( N 1023) 825 MHz
At Base Station
1 N 777
1013 N 1023
0.030 N 870MHz
0.030( N 1023) 870MHz 3
CDMA CHANNEL & FREQUENCY

Reverse Forward
CDMA Channel CDMA Channel

1.25MHz 1.25MHz

CDMA Frequency
Channel
847.74 MHz 45 MHz
Frequency 892.74 MHz

4
FREQUENCY REUSE CDMA

E F D A A A
C B E F A A A A
G C B A A A
D A G C A A A A
F D A A A A
B E F D A A A A
C B E A A A
A G C B A A A A

7 cell Freq Reuse Plan Freq Reuse Plan in CDMA

5
SPREADING CODES IN IS-95
CDMA
Two types of spreading codes are used in IS-95
Walsh codes of length 64 are used on the forward link
(base-to-mobile link)
used to separate one user from another
PN codes are used on both
forward
reverse (mobile-to-base) links

6
IS-95 CDMA FORWARD LINK
Pilot Channel (Code Channel 0)
provides phase reference for coherent demodulation
pilot strength measurement for handoffs
Higher power than other s/g

Paging Channel (up to 7 channels - Code Channels 1 to 7)

sends control messages and page messages
Walsh Code Channels 1 through 7

Sync Channel (Code Channel 32)

broadcasts system timing messages
Traffic Channel (up to 63 channels - remaining code channels)
supports variable data rates at 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200 bps
7
FORWARD LINK CHANNEL
STRUCTURE
Forward CDMA Channel
(1.25 MHz Chl. Tx by Base Stn

Pilot Sync Paging Paging Traffic Traffic Traffic

Chl Chl Chl. 1 Chl. 7 Chl. 1 Chl. 2 Chl. 55

W0 W32 W1 W7 W8 W9 W63

Power Control
Traffic data Sub channel

8
FL MODULATION STRUCTURE
W0
1.2288 Mcps To Quadrature
Pilot Chl: all 0s Spreading

W32
Sync Chl To Quadrature
1.2288 Mcps
1200 bps 4800 bps Spreading
Convol. Encoder/ Block
Repetition Interleaver

Wp
1.2288 Mcps To Quadrature
Paging Chl Convol. Encoder/ Block 19.2 Kbps Spreading
9600 bps Repetition Interleaver
4800 bps
2400 bps
1.2288 Mcps
19.2 Kbps
Paging Chl p Long Code Decimator
Long code Mask Generator
9
 FL MODULATION STRUCTURE

Power Control
Walsh
Bit
Code

User data Convolutional 19.2 k M 1.2288 Mcps

Block U
Encoder
9600 bps Interleaver X
and Repetition Symbol
4800 bps 20ms Quadrature
2400 bps r=1/2, K = 9 cover
1200 bps Scrambling Spreader
800 Hz
Long Code
Decimator Decimator Q-Chl Pilot
generator I-Chl Pilot
PN Seq PN Seq
1.2288 Mcps

Long code Baseband Baseband

filter filter
for nth user period of 2^42-1 chips

Forward CDMA Traffic Channel Structure

10
Note: Pilot PN Offset identifies the base station
FL MODULATION PARAMETERS
Sync Channel

11
FL MODULATION PARAMETERS
Paging Channel
Parameter Data Rate (bps)

User Data Rate 9600 4800 2400

Coding rate 1/2 1/2 1/2

Repetition 1 2 4
Coded data rate 19,200 19,200 19,200
PN Chips/coded data bit 64 64 64
PN chip rate (Mcps) 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288
PN Chips/bit 128 256 512

12
FL MODULATION PARAMETERS
Forward Traffic Channel
Parameter Data Rate (bps)

User Data Rate 9600 4800 2400 1200

Coding rate 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2

Repetition 1 2 4 8
Coded data rate 19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200
PN Chips/coded data bit 64 64 64 64
PN chip rate (Mcps) 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288
PN Chips/bit 128 256 512 1024

13
IS-95 CDMA REVERSE LINK

Reverse CDMA Channel

(1.25 MHz Chl. Rx by Base Stn

Access Access Access Traffic Traffic Traffic Traffic

Chl. 1 Chl. 2 Chl. n Chl. 1 Chl. 2 Chl. 3 Chl. m

Addressed by long code PNs

14
IS-95 CDMA REVERSE LINK
Access Channels
enables mobile to communicate non-traffic information (e.g.,
call request) in random access mode
fixed data rate at 4.8 kbps
identified by a distinct access channel long code sequence
offset
a paging channel number is associated with access channel

Traffic Channels
identified by long distinct user code offset
data rate 9.6, 4.8, 2.4, 1.2 Kbps
data is convolutionally encoded, block interleaved, 64-ary
orthogonal modulated, and direct sequence spread before
transmission 15
 RL MODULATION STRUCTURE

Long code Mask

for user n Long Code 1.2288 Mcps
generator
PN chip

Code Code Walsh

Information symbol symbol chip Zero offset
bit Convolutional Pilot PN
64-1ry Data
Encoder Block Seq Q Chl
9600 bps
Orthogonal burst
and Repetition Interleaver
4800 bps Modulator randomizer
2400 bps r=1/3, K = 9 Zero offset
1200 bps 28.8 Ksps Pilot PN
307.2 Kcps 1/2 PN chiip
Seq I Chl delay=406.9 ns
Baseband D
filter

Baseband
filter
Reverse CDMA Traffic Channel Structure
16
RL MODULATION PARAMETERS
Reverse Traffic Channel
Parameter Data Rate (bps)
User Data Rate 9600 4800 2400 1200
Coding rate 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
Tx Duty Cycle (%) 100 50 25 12.5
Coded data rate (sps) 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800
Bits per Walsh symbol 6 6 6 6
Walsh symbol rate 4800 4800 4800 4800
Walsh chip rate (Kcps) 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2
Walsh symbol duration 208.33 208.33 208.33 208.33
(microsec)
PN chips per code symbol 42.67 42.67 42.67 42.6
PN chips per Walsh symbol 256 256 256 256
PN Chips per Walsh chip 4 4 4 4
PN chip rate (Mcps) 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288 1.2288

17
POWER CONTROL
To combat the effect of fading, shadowing and
distance losses
Transmit only the minimum required power to achieve a
target link performance (e..g, FER)
Minimizes interference
Increases battery life
FL Power Control
To send enough power to reach users at cell edge
RL Power Control
To overcome near-far problem in DS-CDMA

18
POWER CONTROL
Types of Power Control
Open Loop Power Control
Closed loop Power Control

Open Loop Power Control (on FL)

Channel state on the FL is estimated by mobile
RL Transmit power made proportional to FL channel Loss
Works well if FL and RL are highly correlated
which is generally true for slowly varying distance and shadow
losses
but not true with fast multipath Rayleigh fading

So open loop power control can effectively compensate for

distance and shadow losses, and not for multipath fading
19
POWER CONTROL
Closed Loop Power Control (on RL)
Base station measures the received power
Compares it with the desired received power (target Eb/No)
Sends up or down command to mobile asking it to increase
or decrease the transmit power
Must be performed fast enough a rate (approx. 10 times the
max. Doppler BW) to track multipath fading
Propagation and processing delays are critical to loop
performance

20
POWER CONTROL IN IS-95
At 900 MHz Carrier frequency and 120 km/h mobile speed,
Doppler = 100 Hz
In IS-95A, closed loop power control is operated at 800 Hz
update rate
Power control bits are punctured into the traffic data stream
Closed loop power control step size is +/- 1 dB
Power control bit errors do not affect performance much
Coding and interleaving has effect on CLPC performance
Both open (outer) and closed (inner) loops drive the transmit
power to ensure a target FER of 1% 21
RAKE RECEIVER
4 RAKE fingers are used in the Mobile Receiver
3 fingers for tracking and demodulating multipath
components of the FL CDMA channel
1 finger is used for searching and estimating the
signal strength on different pilots
used to select the desired (strongest) base station in idle
mode
for generating pilot strength information messages during traffic
mode to enable Handoff

22
IS 95: HANDOFFS I

CDMA supports two types of handoffs:

1. hard handoff
2. soft handoff
A hard handoff is a break before make scenario, where prob. of
dropping a call is higher. A soft handoff is a make before break
scenario.
The mobile assists in the handoff process and therefore it
is referred to as Mobile Assisted Hand Off (MAHO). It
reports signal measurements to the BS. The roving finger
(or searcher) of the RAKE receiver is used to measure the
pilot signals of neighboring BSs (neighbor list messages
sent to terminals periodically). During call set-up a mobile
is given a list of handoff thresholds and a list of likely new
cells. The mobile keeps track of those cells that fall above
the threshold and sends this information to the MSC.
IS 95: HANDOFFS II
The mobile and the MSC classify the neighboring BSs to
keep track of the handoff process (based upon data received
from the mobile, the MSC constantly re-classifies BSs with
regard to the mobile):
active list: contains BSs currently used for communication
(contains at least one BS)
candidate list: contains list of BSs that could be used for
communication based upon current signal strength measurements
neighbor list: contains a list of BSs that could soon be promoted to
candidate list
remaining list: all other BSs that do not qualify
The MSC, when it moves a BS from the candidate list into
the active list, will direct that BS to serve the terminal. It
informs both the new BS and the mobile and assigns a
forward channel number (Walsh code) for communication
(on condition there is one available!).
IS 95: HANDOFFS III
Soft handoffs consist of the mobile being served by two BSs. That
means that:
1. A mobile receives the signal from two BSs simultaneously. That is
possible because an MS always receives 4 signals (RAKE receiver - one
correlator is used to receive the signal from a different BS)
2. The signal from the mobile is received by two BSs. This is possible as a
CDMA channel simply consists of a transmission by the mobile using
its ESN to identify itself on the reverse channel and only requires a
correlator at the BS to be used to receive the signal.
Soft handoffs also eliminate the ping pong effect (i.e., when
traveling along the boundary of two cells and switching back and
forth between two BSs). The mobile is being served by two BSs and
does not have to switch BSs until absolutely necessary!
The handoff process is also unique in that the mobile initiates the
hand off. The MS analyze the measurements and inform the MSC
when a handoff might be necessary. (If one BSs signal strength
becomes much higher than the other).
IS 95: HANDOFFS IV
The handoff process is controlled by the MSC. When a
handoff finally occurs all three MS correlators are
switched over to the new cell and used as a RAKE
receiver again, the connection to the current BS is
cutoff and the new BS becomes the current BS.
In summary: the handoff process is executed in three
steps:
mobile is in communication with original (i.e., current) BS.
mobile is in communication with both the current cell and
the new cell.
mobileis in communication with the new cell only (which
becomes the current cell).
Approach SDMA TDMA FDMA CDMA
Idea segment space into segment sending segment the spread the spectrum
cells/sectors time into disjoint frequency band into using orthogonal codes
time-slots, demand disjoint sub-bands
driven or fixed
patterns
Terminals only one terminal can all terminals are every terminal has its all terminals can be active
be active in one active for short own frequency, at the same place at the
cell/one sector periods of time on uninterrupted same moment,
the same frequency uninterrupted
Signal cell structure, directed synchronization in filtering in the code plus special
separation antennas the time domain frequency domain receivers

Advantages very simple, increases established, fully
capacity per km
Dis- inflexible, antennas
advantages typically fixed
Comment only in combination
with TDMA, FDMA or
CDMA useful
simple, established, flexible, less frequency
digital, flexible robust planning needed, soft
handover
guard space inflexible, complex receivers, needs
needed (multipath frequencies are a more complicated power
propagation), scarce resource control for senders
synchronization
difficult
standard in fixed typically combined still faces some problems,
networks, together with TDMA higher complexity,
with FDMA/SDMA (frequency hopping lowered expectations; will
used in many patterns) and SDMA be integrated with
mobile networks (frequency reuse) TDMA/FDMA

27
EXAMPLES OF PERSONAL
COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES (PCS)
High-Tier Digital Cellular Systems (mobile
phone systems)
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
IS-136 TDMA based Digital Advanced Mobile Phone
Service (DAMPS)
Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)
IS-95 CDMA-based cdmaOne system

28
CONT.
Low-Tier Telecommunication Systems for
residential, business, and public cordless access
applications
Cordless Telephone (CT2)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
Personal Access Communications Systems (PACS)
Personal Handy System (PHS)

29
 DIGITAL EUROPEAN CORDLESS
TELEPHONE (DECT)

DECT specifications were published in 1992 for definitive

adoption as the European cordless standard.
The name Digital European Cordless Telephone has been
replaced by Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone to denote
global acceptance of DECT.
DECT supports high user density with a pico-cell design.
Using TDMA, there are 12 voice channels per frequency
carrier.
Sleep mode is employed in DECT to conserve the power of
handsets. DECT may move a conversation from one time slot
to another to avoid interference. This procedure is called time
slot transfer.
DECT also supports seamless handoff.
DECT
DECT uses TDD. Its voice codec uses a 32 Kbps speech
coding rate. DECT channel allocation is performed by
measuring the field strength; the channel with quality above a
prescribed level is autonomously selected.

This strategy is referred to as dynamic channel allocation.

DECT is typically implemented as a wirelessPBX (private
branch exchange) connected to the PSTN.

An important feature of DECT is that it can interwork with

GSM to allow user mobility, where the GSM handsets provide
DECT connection capabilities.
PERSONAL HANDYPHONE SYSTEM (PHS)

PHS is a standard developed by the Research and

Development Center for Radio Systems (RCR), a private
standardization organization in Japan.
PHS is a lowtier digital PCS system that offers
telecommunications services for homes, offices, and
outdoor environments, using radio access to the public
telephone network or other digital networks.
PHS uses TDMA, whereby each frequency carrier
supports four multiplexed channels.
Sleep mode enables PHS to support five hours of
talktime, or 150 hours of standby time.
PHS operates in the 18951918.1 MHz band. This
bandwidth is partitioned into 77 channels, each with 300
KHz bandwidth.
PHS
PHS supports dynamic channel allocation.
PHS utilizes dedicated control channels: a
fixed frequency that carries system and signaling
information is initially selected.
The PHS speech coding rate is 32 Kbps.
The duplexing mode used by PHS is TDD.
PHS supports Group 3 (G3) fax at 4.2 to 7.8
Kbps and a fullduplex modem with
transmission speeds up to 9.6 Kbps.
PERSONAL ACCESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (PACS)

PACS is a lowpower PCS system developed at

Telcordia (formerly Bellcore).
PACS is designed for wireless local loop and for
personal communications services.
TDMA is used in PACS with eight voice
channels per frequency carrier.
The speech coding rate is 32 Kbps.

Both TDD and frequency division duplexing

(FDD) are accommodated by the PACS
standard.
PACS
InFDD mode, the PACS uplink and downlink
utilize different RF carriers, similar to cellular
systems.

The highly effective and reliable

mobilecontrolled handoff (MCHO) completes
in less than 20 msec.

Like
GSM, PACS supports both circuitbased
and packetbased access protocols.